HCR 240 Final
Actual Exam
Questions And
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Already Graded A+
,Cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--happens when a cell is exposed to stress that it
cannot adapt to
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--injury that is mild or short-term
Irreversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--injury that is severe or prolonged
Outcome of severe or prolonged cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--it becomes
irreversible and leads to cell death
Outcome of mild or short-term cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--it can be reversible
What is the fundamental definition of hypoxic injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Hypoxic
injury occurs when a cell does not receive sufficient oxygen to maintain its normal
functions.
Why is oxygen critical for cellular survival? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Oxygen is required
to produce ATP, which serves as the primary energy source for the cell's metabolic
processes, including the operation of ion pumps.
What is the sequence of events leading from low oxygen to cell death? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Low oxygen leads to low ATP, which causes the sodium-potassium pump
to fail. Sodium accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis, resulting in
cell swelling, dysfunction, and eventually cell death if the condition persists.
,What are common clinical causes of hypoxic injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Common
causes include heart attack, stroke, anemia, shock, respiratory failure, and carbon
monoxide poisoning.
Which organs are most susceptible to hypoxic injury and why? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--The brain, heart, and kidneys are most susceptible because they have high
metabolic demands and require a constant, significant supply of oxygen.
Free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS--Unstable molecules that damage cell
membranes, proteins, and DNA.
Causes of free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS--Radiation, inflammation, toxic
chemicals, reperfusion injury, aging, smoking.
Reperfusion injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--After blood flow returns to an injured area,
oxygen can suddenly create free radicals.
What do free radicals damage? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cell membranes, proteins,
and DNA.
What is the result of oxygen returning to an injured area? - CORRECT ANSWERS--
Reperfusion injury.
Chemical Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Toxins, drugs, alcohol, poisons, and
pollutants can directly damage cells.
Examples of chemical injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Alcohol damages liver cells.
Carbon monoxide blocks oxygen delivery. Some medications can damage kidneys or
liver if toxic.
Infectious Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can
damage cells directly or trigger inflammation that damages tissue.
Immunologic Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--The immune system can harm the body
when it attacks self-tissue or overreacts.
Examples of immunologic injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Autoimmune disease,
allergies, transplant rejection.
Nutritional Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Too little or too much nutrition can injure
cells.
Examples of nutritional injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Protein deficiency, vitamin
deficiency, obesity, high cholesterol.
, Genetic Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Inherited defects can cause abnormal proteins,
enzyme problems, or abnormal cell development.
Examples of genetic injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis,
Down syndrome.
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Uncontrolled cell death that usually causes
inflammation.
Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cells die, but the tissue structure stays
somewhat intact for a while.
Cause of Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Usually caused by ischemia,
meaning lack of blood flow.
Organs commonly affected by Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Heart,
kidneys, spleen.
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Dead tissue becomes liquid-like.
Common locations for Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Brain tissue and
abscesses.
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cheese-like appearance.
Condition commonly associated with Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--
Tuberculosis.
Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Fat tissue is destroyed, often by enzymes.
Common causes of Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Pancreatitis or breast
trauma.
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Usually caused by loss of blood supply
to a large area.
Types of Gangrene - CORRECT ANSWERS--Dry gangrene: tissue becomes dry, black,
shriveled. Wet gangrene: tissue is infected, swollen, foul-smelling. Gas gangrene:
caused by bacteria that produce gas in tissue.
Normal sodium - CORRECT ANSWERS--about 135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWERS--low sodium, usually less than 135
Actual Exam
Questions And
Answers Practice
Questions with
Solutions Newest |
Already Graded A+
,Cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--happens when a cell is exposed to stress that it
cannot adapt to
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--injury that is mild or short-term
Irreversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--injury that is severe or prolonged
Outcome of severe or prolonged cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--it becomes
irreversible and leads to cell death
Outcome of mild or short-term cell injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--it can be reversible
What is the fundamental definition of hypoxic injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Hypoxic
injury occurs when a cell does not receive sufficient oxygen to maintain its normal
functions.
Why is oxygen critical for cellular survival? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Oxygen is required
to produce ATP, which serves as the primary energy source for the cell's metabolic
processes, including the operation of ion pumps.
What is the sequence of events leading from low oxygen to cell death? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--Low oxygen leads to low ATP, which causes the sodium-potassium pump
to fail. Sodium accumulates inside the cell, drawing water in via osmosis, resulting in
cell swelling, dysfunction, and eventually cell death if the condition persists.
,What are common clinical causes of hypoxic injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Common
causes include heart attack, stroke, anemia, shock, respiratory failure, and carbon
monoxide poisoning.
Which organs are most susceptible to hypoxic injury and why? - CORRECT
ANSWERS--The brain, heart, and kidneys are most susceptible because they have high
metabolic demands and require a constant, significant supply of oxygen.
Free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS--Unstable molecules that damage cell
membranes, proteins, and DNA.
Causes of free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS--Radiation, inflammation, toxic
chemicals, reperfusion injury, aging, smoking.
Reperfusion injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--After blood flow returns to an injured area,
oxygen can suddenly create free radicals.
What do free radicals damage? - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cell membranes, proteins,
and DNA.
What is the result of oxygen returning to an injured area? - CORRECT ANSWERS--
Reperfusion injury.
Chemical Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Toxins, drugs, alcohol, poisons, and
pollutants can directly damage cells.
Examples of chemical injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Alcohol damages liver cells.
Carbon monoxide blocks oxygen delivery. Some medications can damage kidneys or
liver if toxic.
Infectious Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can
damage cells directly or trigger inflammation that damages tissue.
Immunologic Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--The immune system can harm the body
when it attacks self-tissue or overreacts.
Examples of immunologic injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Autoimmune disease,
allergies, transplant rejection.
Nutritional Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Too little or too much nutrition can injure
cells.
Examples of nutritional injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Protein deficiency, vitamin
deficiency, obesity, high cholesterol.
, Genetic Injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Inherited defects can cause abnormal proteins,
enzyme problems, or abnormal cell development.
Examples of genetic injury - CORRECT ANSWERS--Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis,
Down syndrome.
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Uncontrolled cell death that usually causes
inflammation.
Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cells die, but the tissue structure stays
somewhat intact for a while.
Cause of Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Usually caused by ischemia,
meaning lack of blood flow.
Organs commonly affected by Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Heart,
kidneys, spleen.
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Dead tissue becomes liquid-like.
Common locations for Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Brain tissue and
abscesses.
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Cheese-like appearance.
Condition commonly associated with Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--
Tuberculosis.
Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Fat tissue is destroyed, often by enzymes.
Common causes of Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Pancreatitis or breast
trauma.
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS--Usually caused by loss of blood supply
to a large area.
Types of Gangrene - CORRECT ANSWERS--Dry gangrene: tissue becomes dry, black,
shriveled. Wet gangrene: tissue is infected, swollen, foul-smelling. Gas gangrene:
caused by bacteria that produce gas in tissue.
Normal sodium - CORRECT ANSWERS--about 135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWERS--low sodium, usually less than 135
