Battery Negative Positive Electrolyte Nominal Application Advantages Drawbacks
Type Plate Plate Voltage
(V)
Lead Pb Pb/PbO2 H2SO4 2V used in motorized vehicles, storage of energy wide temperature short lifespan, more
Acid generated by photovoltaic cells and wind turbines, andadaptability, large discharge defects, and more
for back-up power supplies power, and a high safety frequent failures
factor
Ni-Cd Cd NiO(OH) KOH 1.2 V Two-way radios, biomedical equipment, professional Relatively good cycle life and High cost and toxicity
video cameras, and power tools high discharge rate
Li-ion LiO LiO Variety 3.6-3.85 cell phones, tablets, and laptops, E-Bikes, electric Lightweight and Compact Higher Cost, Slightly
V toothbrushes, tools, hover boards, scooters, and for Design, Long Battery Lifespan Heavier Weight, Repair
solar power backup storage High Energy Density, and Maintenance
Enhanced Safety, Faster Challenges, Safety
Charging Times concerns
NiMH M H2NiO Ni(OH)2 2V Hybrid automobile batteries, electric razors, Higher specific energy with More expensive, has
toothbrushes, cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, fewer toxic metals, less effect higher self-discharge and
pagers, medical instruments/equipment on memory and generates has lower efficiency than
high peak power the lead–acid and Ni–Cd
batteries
Battery Positive Plate Reaction Negative Plate Reaction Net Reaction
Type
Lead Acid PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e− → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O Pb(s) + HSO−4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e− Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
Ni-Cd
Li-ion
NiMH
Type Plate Plate Voltage
(V)
Lead Pb Pb/PbO2 H2SO4 2V used in motorized vehicles, storage of energy wide temperature short lifespan, more
Acid generated by photovoltaic cells and wind turbines, andadaptability, large discharge defects, and more
for back-up power supplies power, and a high safety frequent failures
factor
Ni-Cd Cd NiO(OH) KOH 1.2 V Two-way radios, biomedical equipment, professional Relatively good cycle life and High cost and toxicity
video cameras, and power tools high discharge rate
Li-ion LiO LiO Variety 3.6-3.85 cell phones, tablets, and laptops, E-Bikes, electric Lightweight and Compact Higher Cost, Slightly
V toothbrushes, tools, hover boards, scooters, and for Design, Long Battery Lifespan Heavier Weight, Repair
solar power backup storage High Energy Density, and Maintenance
Enhanced Safety, Faster Challenges, Safety
Charging Times concerns
NiMH M H2NiO Ni(OH)2 2V Hybrid automobile batteries, electric razors, Higher specific energy with More expensive, has
toothbrushes, cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, fewer toxic metals, less effect higher self-discharge and
pagers, medical instruments/equipment on memory and generates has lower efficiency than
high peak power the lead–acid and Ni–Cd
batteries
Battery Positive Plate Reaction Negative Plate Reaction Net Reaction
Type
Lead Acid PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e− → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O Pb(s) + HSO−4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e− Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
Ni-Cd
Li-ion
NiMH
