2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Study designs - retrospective (case control)
Answer: Subjects divided by outcome, then retrospectively assessing
frequency of risk factors
◉ Study designs - prospective (cohort)
Answer: Subjects divided by risk factor, then prospectively followed
for outcome
◉ Study designs - randomized controlled trial
Answer: Subjective randomly divided and one group receives
intervention
◉ Positive likelihood ratio (LR+)
Answer: Sensitivity/(1-Specificity)
◉ Negative likelihood ratio (LR-)
Answer: (1-Sensitivity)/Specificity
, ◉ Vaccines - needed every pregnancy
Answer: Tdap and influenza
◉ Vaccines - MMR not indicated for adults born before ___
Answer: 1957
◉ Vaccines - pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13 and PPSV23) indicated
in these groups
Answer: Immunocompetent age >65
Functional or anatomic asplenia
Immunocompromised
CSF leaks or cochlear implants
◉ Vaccines - pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV23 with revaccination
with PPSV23 5 years later) indicated in these groups
Answer: Immunocompetent with following conditions:
Chronic heart, lung or liver disease
Diabetes
Alcoholism
Cigarette smoking