PSYC 375 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 1: Moral and Mental
Philosophy (1640-1776)
Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886)
Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1896)
Stage 4: US Functionalism (1896 & beyond)
What were the beliefs during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? - CORRECT
ANSWER "Psychology existed for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God"
What event caused the beginning of enlightenment during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? -
CORRECT ANSWER It began in 1714 when John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690)
reached the US colonies and had a widespread influence
What were the beliefs during the second stage of early American psychology (1776-1886)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Psychology became a separate discipline largely under the influence of Scottish commonsense
philosophy and believed in naive realism when it came to God
What were 4 events that brought on the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)? - CORRECT
ANSWER (1) Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1880)
(2) John Dewey's Psychology (1886)
(3) American Journal of Psychology (1887)
(4) William James's The Principles of Psychology (1890)
What were the beliefs during the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Titchener's structuralism competed with functionalism. It was also a fertile ground for the development
of practices to help individuals live more effective lives like physiognomy, phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism
What were the beliefs during the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Science, a concern for practicality, an emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory combined
into the school of functionalism
What event marked the beginning of the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT
ANSWER John Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology." in 1896 marked the beginning of functionalism
What are the 8 characteristics of functionalists psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER (1) opposed the sterile search
for the elements of consciousness in like the structuralists
(2) wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static description of its contents.
(3) wanted psychology to be a practical science, not a pure science, and they sought to apply their findings to the
improvement of humanity
(4) urged the broadening of psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal humans. They also
accepted an eclectic methodology; from mazes to mental tests.
(5) Because an organism will act differently in the same environment as its needs change, these needs must be understood
before the organism's behavior can be understood.
(6) accepted both mental processes and behavior as legitimate subject matter for psychology, and viewed introspection as
a valid research tool
(7) tended to be more ideographic than nomothetic, that is, they were more interested in what made organisms different
from one another than what made them similar.
(8) all were directly or indirectly influenced by William James.
What caused William James's (1842-1910) crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER He became depressed because he
believed that if materialism was correct, than anything that happened was beyond his control but he had a turning point
when he read an essay on free will bye Renouvier and became a pragmatist and proposed radical empiricism
What was the goal of William James's (1842-1910) book, The Principles of Psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWER James tries to offer a fair consideration between the empirical and the rational, between the experimental
and the phenomenological with the booked permeated with his themes of pragmatism and individuality
,How did William James's (1842-1910) define the stream of consciousness? - CORRECT ANSWER Term for the
way James thought the mind worked. James described the mind as consisting of an ever-changing stream of interrelated,
purposive thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another, as the structuralists had suggested.
What did William James (1842-1910) say were the 5 characteristics of consciousness? - CORRECT ANSWER (1)
consciousness is personal; it reflects the experiences of an individual, and therefore, it is foolhardy to search for elements
common to all minds.
(2) consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis
(3) consciousness is constantly changing
(4) consciousness is selective; some vents permeate while others are inhibited
(5) conciseness is functional; its purpose is to aid the individual in adapting to the environment
How did William James (1842-1910) define habits and instincts? - CORRECT ANSWER He believed that
instinctual behaviour is modifiable by experience and, therefore, new instinct-like patterns of behaviour (called habits)
develop throughout their lifetime. The habits are vital for the functioning of society, learning from experience to develop
new neural pathways
How did William James (1842-1910) define the empirical self and the 3 different types of self? - CORRECT
ANSWER the self that consists of everything a person can call his or her own. The empirical self consists of the
material self (all of one's material possessions), the social self (one's self as known by others), and the spiritual self (all of
which a person is conscious).
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about self-esteem? - CORRECT ANSWER How a person feels about
himself or herself based on the ratio of successes to attempts. One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more
or attempting less.
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about emotions? - CORRECT ANSWER Perception, according to
James, causes bodily reactions that are then experienced as emotions, reversing the traditional belief that emotion results
from the perception of an event
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about idea-motor theory of behaviour? - CORRECT ANSWER Ideas
cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas; ideas of actions flow immediately and
automatically (habitually or reflexively) into behavior. What we think (concept that holds our attention) determines what
we do, and what we do determines how we feel.
What are the 2 types of personality of which pragmatism is a compromise between? - CORRECT ANSWER (1)
Tender-minded people are rationalistic (principle-oriented), intellectual, idealistic, optimistic, religious, and dogmatic,
and they believe in free will
(2) tough-minded people are empiricistic (fact-oriented), sensationalistic, materialistic, pessimistic, irreligious, skeptical,
and fatalistic.
What did William James (1842-1910) contribute to psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER He helped incorporate
evolutionary theory into psychology and expanded research techniques in psychology by not only accepting introspection
but also encouraging any technique that promised to yield useful information about people.
James's ideas are not only considered foundational for functional psychology and pragmatic philosophy but can be seen in
behaviorism, cognitive science, and existential-phenomenological psychology, as well as clinical psychology and
education
What was Hugo Munsterberg's (1863-1916) approach to clinical psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER reciprocal
antagonism; a method of treating mentally disturbed individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to
those causing a problem.
Who was the first forensic psychologist? - CORRECT ANSWER Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)
What did Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) accomplish in founding forensic psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWER He pointed out that eyewitness testimony could be unreliable because sensory impressions could be
illusory, suggestion and stress could affect perception, and memory is not always accurate. He also urged that
psychological methods replace the brutal interrogation of criminals because interrogation can lead to false confessions.
He published a book, On The Witness Stand (1908).
, Who is considered to be the founder of industrial psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER Hugo Munsterberg (1863-
1916)
Who invented the paired-association technique and how did it work? - CORRECT ANSWER The still widely used
method of investigating verbal learning invented by Mary Calkins. Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to
subjects and then, after several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to recall the
second.
Briefly describe the life of Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)? - CORRECT ANSWER Although satisfying all the
requirements for a PhD at Harvard, she was denied the degree because she was a woman. In spite of such restrictions,
Calkins made significant contributions to the study of verbal learning and memory and to self-psychology. Her many
honors included being elected the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.
Briefly describe the life and work of Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)? - CORRECT ANSWER Stressed the
application of psychological principles in such areas as clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing,
Münsterberg created applied psychology.
Briefly describe the life and work of William James (1842-1910)? - CORRECT ANSWER Was instrumental in the
founding of functionalistic psychology. James emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the
only valid criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his pragmatism, he
claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level,
sometimes one must believe in free will and at other times in determinism.
Briefly describe the life and work of Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)? - CORRECT ANSWER Created the first
U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and became the first president of the American Psychological
Association, and invited Freud to Clark University to give a series of lectures. Hall thus helped psychoanalysis receive
international recognition. Many of the beliefs contained in his two-volume book on adolescence are now considered
incorrect. Nonetheless, that work is currently seen as an important pioneering effort in educational, child, and adolescent
psychology and in parent education and child welfare programs.
What did Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) accomplish during his work at Clark University? - CORRECT
ANSWER In 1888, Hall left Johns Hopkins to become the first president of Clark University in Worcester,
Massachusetts, where he remained as professor, having a strong hand in shaping US psychology. In 1892, he formed and
became the first president of the APA, also founding the Journals of Applied & of Religious Psychology
What were the 2 areas of psychology in which Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) formed his legacy? - CORRECT
ANSWER The psychology of religion and developmental psychology. He believed that evolutionary theory should
be a guide for science because evolution explained not only the phylogenetic development of the human species but also
the development of each individual. Hall said that all stages of human evolution are reflected in the life of an individual
(called the recapitulation theory)
What was Granville Stanley Hall's (1844-1924) book, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology,
Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (2014) about? - CORRECT ANSWER It focused on
a wide variety of topics, including growth norms, language development, diseases of childhood, hygiene, juvenile crime,
lying, showing off, bashfulness, fear, curiosity, and friendship. Adolescence occurred between ages 14 and 24, and
masturbation during that period was discussed in considerable detail and rejected that masturbation caused severe effects.
What were Granville Stanley Hall's (1844-1924) 3 arguments against coeducation? - CORRECT ANSWER (1) that
adolescence was a critical period in the development of the reproductive organs in women,
women needed to trained to become mothers
(2) that the adolescent male needed freedom to engage in cathartic expression of his savage impulses
(3) that natural sexual differentiation during adolescence was the basis for later attraction between the sexes.
What did Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) believe about psychology and religion? - CORRECT
ANSWER Believed that religious conversion during adolescence was "a natural, normal, universal, and necessary
process" which was the psychological process of subordinating the self to the needs of others. Sin, for him, was not a state
of evil but a sense of limitation and imperfection that should be understood psychologically rather than in terms of
theology.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 1: Moral and Mental
Philosophy (1640-1776)
Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886)
Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1896)
Stage 4: US Functionalism (1896 & beyond)
What were the beliefs during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? - CORRECT
ANSWER "Psychology existed for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God"
What event caused the beginning of enlightenment during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? -
CORRECT ANSWER It began in 1714 when John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690)
reached the US colonies and had a widespread influence
What were the beliefs during the second stage of early American psychology (1776-1886)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Psychology became a separate discipline largely under the influence of Scottish commonsense
philosophy and believed in naive realism when it came to God
What were 4 events that brought on the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)? - CORRECT
ANSWER (1) Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1880)
(2) John Dewey's Psychology (1886)
(3) American Journal of Psychology (1887)
(4) William James's The Principles of Psychology (1890)
What were the beliefs during the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Titchener's structuralism competed with functionalism. It was also a fertile ground for the development
of practices to help individuals live more effective lives like physiognomy, phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism
What were the beliefs during the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT
ANSWER Science, a concern for practicality, an emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory combined
into the school of functionalism
What event marked the beginning of the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - CORRECT
ANSWER John Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology." in 1896 marked the beginning of functionalism
What are the 8 characteristics of functionalists psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER (1) opposed the sterile search
for the elements of consciousness in like the structuralists
(2) wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static description of its contents.
(3) wanted psychology to be a practical science, not a pure science, and they sought to apply their findings to the
improvement of humanity
(4) urged the broadening of psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal humans. They also
accepted an eclectic methodology; from mazes to mental tests.
(5) Because an organism will act differently in the same environment as its needs change, these needs must be understood
before the organism's behavior can be understood.
(6) accepted both mental processes and behavior as legitimate subject matter for psychology, and viewed introspection as
a valid research tool
(7) tended to be more ideographic than nomothetic, that is, they were more interested in what made organisms different
from one another than what made them similar.
(8) all were directly or indirectly influenced by William James.
What caused William James's (1842-1910) crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER He became depressed because he
believed that if materialism was correct, than anything that happened was beyond his control but he had a turning point
when he read an essay on free will bye Renouvier and became a pragmatist and proposed radical empiricism
What was the goal of William James's (1842-1910) book, The Principles of Psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWER James tries to offer a fair consideration between the empirical and the rational, between the experimental
and the phenomenological with the booked permeated with his themes of pragmatism and individuality
,How did William James's (1842-1910) define the stream of consciousness? - CORRECT ANSWER Term for the
way James thought the mind worked. James described the mind as consisting of an ever-changing stream of interrelated,
purposive thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another, as the structuralists had suggested.
What did William James (1842-1910) say were the 5 characteristics of consciousness? - CORRECT ANSWER (1)
consciousness is personal; it reflects the experiences of an individual, and therefore, it is foolhardy to search for elements
common to all minds.
(2) consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis
(3) consciousness is constantly changing
(4) consciousness is selective; some vents permeate while others are inhibited
(5) conciseness is functional; its purpose is to aid the individual in adapting to the environment
How did William James (1842-1910) define habits and instincts? - CORRECT ANSWER He believed that
instinctual behaviour is modifiable by experience and, therefore, new instinct-like patterns of behaviour (called habits)
develop throughout their lifetime. The habits are vital for the functioning of society, learning from experience to develop
new neural pathways
How did William James (1842-1910) define the empirical self and the 3 different types of self? - CORRECT
ANSWER the self that consists of everything a person can call his or her own. The empirical self consists of the
material self (all of one's material possessions), the social self (one's self as known by others), and the spiritual self (all of
which a person is conscious).
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about self-esteem? - CORRECT ANSWER How a person feels about
himself or herself based on the ratio of successes to attempts. One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more
or attempting less.
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about emotions? - CORRECT ANSWER Perception, according to
James, causes bodily reactions that are then experienced as emotions, reversing the traditional belief that emotion results
from the perception of an event
What did William James (1842-1910) believe about idea-motor theory of behaviour? - CORRECT ANSWER Ideas
cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas; ideas of actions flow immediately and
automatically (habitually or reflexively) into behavior. What we think (concept that holds our attention) determines what
we do, and what we do determines how we feel.
What are the 2 types of personality of which pragmatism is a compromise between? - CORRECT ANSWER (1)
Tender-minded people are rationalistic (principle-oriented), intellectual, idealistic, optimistic, religious, and dogmatic,
and they believe in free will
(2) tough-minded people are empiricistic (fact-oriented), sensationalistic, materialistic, pessimistic, irreligious, skeptical,
and fatalistic.
What did William James (1842-1910) contribute to psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER He helped incorporate
evolutionary theory into psychology and expanded research techniques in psychology by not only accepting introspection
but also encouraging any technique that promised to yield useful information about people.
James's ideas are not only considered foundational for functional psychology and pragmatic philosophy but can be seen in
behaviorism, cognitive science, and existential-phenomenological psychology, as well as clinical psychology and
education
What was Hugo Munsterberg's (1863-1916) approach to clinical psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER reciprocal
antagonism; a method of treating mentally disturbed individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to
those causing a problem.
Who was the first forensic psychologist? - CORRECT ANSWER Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916)
What did Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) accomplish in founding forensic psychology? - CORRECT
ANSWER He pointed out that eyewitness testimony could be unreliable because sensory impressions could be
illusory, suggestion and stress could affect perception, and memory is not always accurate. He also urged that
psychological methods replace the brutal interrogation of criminals because interrogation can lead to false confessions.
He published a book, On The Witness Stand (1908).
, Who is considered to be the founder of industrial psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER Hugo Munsterberg (1863-
1916)
Who invented the paired-association technique and how did it work? - CORRECT ANSWER The still widely used
method of investigating verbal learning invented by Mary Calkins. Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to
subjects and then, after several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to recall the
second.
Briefly describe the life of Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)? - CORRECT ANSWER Although satisfying all the
requirements for a PhD at Harvard, she was denied the degree because she was a woman. In spite of such restrictions,
Calkins made significant contributions to the study of verbal learning and memory and to self-psychology. Her many
honors included being elected the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.
Briefly describe the life and work of Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)? - CORRECT ANSWER Stressed the
application of psychological principles in such areas as clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing,
Münsterberg created applied psychology.
Briefly describe the life and work of William James (1842-1910)? - CORRECT ANSWER Was instrumental in the
founding of functionalistic psychology. James emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the
only valid criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his pragmatism, he
claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level,
sometimes one must believe in free will and at other times in determinism.
Briefly describe the life and work of Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)? - CORRECT ANSWER Created the first
U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and became the first president of the American Psychological
Association, and invited Freud to Clark University to give a series of lectures. Hall thus helped psychoanalysis receive
international recognition. Many of the beliefs contained in his two-volume book on adolescence are now considered
incorrect. Nonetheless, that work is currently seen as an important pioneering effort in educational, child, and adolescent
psychology and in parent education and child welfare programs.
What did Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) accomplish during his work at Clark University? - CORRECT
ANSWER In 1888, Hall left Johns Hopkins to become the first president of Clark University in Worcester,
Massachusetts, where he remained as professor, having a strong hand in shaping US psychology. In 1892, he formed and
became the first president of the APA, also founding the Journals of Applied & of Religious Psychology
What were the 2 areas of psychology in which Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) formed his legacy? - CORRECT
ANSWER The psychology of religion and developmental psychology. He believed that evolutionary theory should
be a guide for science because evolution explained not only the phylogenetic development of the human species but also
the development of each individual. Hall said that all stages of human evolution are reflected in the life of an individual
(called the recapitulation theory)
What was Granville Stanley Hall's (1844-1924) book, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology,
Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (2014) about? - CORRECT ANSWER It focused on
a wide variety of topics, including growth norms, language development, diseases of childhood, hygiene, juvenile crime,
lying, showing off, bashfulness, fear, curiosity, and friendship. Adolescence occurred between ages 14 and 24, and
masturbation during that period was discussed in considerable detail and rejected that masturbation caused severe effects.
What were Granville Stanley Hall's (1844-1924) 3 arguments against coeducation? - CORRECT ANSWER (1) that
adolescence was a critical period in the development of the reproductive organs in women,
women needed to trained to become mothers
(2) that the adolescent male needed freedom to engage in cathartic expression of his savage impulses
(3) that natural sexual differentiation during adolescence was the basis for later attraction between the sexes.
What did Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) believe about psychology and religion? - CORRECT
ANSWER Believed that religious conversion during adolescence was "a natural, normal, universal, and necessary
process" which was the psychological process of subordinating the self to the needs of others. Sin, for him, was not a state
of evil but a sense of limitation and imperfection that should be understood psychologically rather than in terms of
theology.
