Psyc 222 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
variable - CORRECT ANSWER -- factor or element that you expect to change, vary, or have or have several
different values
- must have at least 2 levels or values
- some variables are well defined -> height
conceptual variable definition - CORRECT ANSWER -- defining a variable in theoretical terms (aggression,
happiness)
operational variable - CORRECT ANSWER -- determining how you will use the variables in your study
- discusses ABSTRACT concepts in CONCRETE (observable) terms
two types of observations - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) measured operational definition = specifies the exact
procedure for measuring the dependent variable
2.) experimental operational definition = specifies the exact procedure for creating values of the independent variable
internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER -- ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from results of
study
- needs:
1.) association - must have some relationship
2.) temporal precedence - manipulated variable comes before measured variable
3.) eliminate plausible alternative explanations (confounding variable)
4.) hold extraneous variables constant
5.) control for variables that cannot be held constant
extraneous variables - CORRECT ANSWER -- any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely
to influence dependent variable
eliminating confounds - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) hold extraneous variables constant -> some extraneous
variables cannot easily be held constant
2.) control for variables that cannot be held constant (random assignment)
Two methods of straightforward manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) stimuli = different conditions use
different stimuli
2.) instructional = different conditions are given different instructions
- pros = standardize is relatively easy, automatization
reduces experimenter bias
- cons = participants might misinterpret or ignore instructional manipulation
Staged manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER -- events during the experiment are staged to manipulate the IV
successfully
- stimulate some situation that occurs in the real world
- try to create some psychological state in participants
- often times requires use of a confederate (a person who appears to be in an experiment but is part of manipulation)
- pros = least vulnerable to subject biases, demand characteristics
- cons = question of ethics - involves deception, difficult to standardize confederate performances
things to consider in experimental design - CORRECT ANSWER -- manipulation strength = maximize differences
btwn levels of your IV -> increase chance of finding an effect
- manipulation check = an attempt to directly measure whether the IV manipulation had intended effect on participants
Reduce experimenter bias - CORRECT ANSWER -- well trained and consistent experimenters
- run all conditions at once
- automated procedures
- use experimenters unaware of the hypothesis
- double blind = neither participant nor experimenter knows hypothesis
, reduce subject bias - CORRECT ANSWER -- limited info on informed consent
- deception
- disguise w. filler items
- post-explanation interviews -> what do you think hypothesis was
inferential statistics - CORRECT ANSWER -- allows us to draw conclusions about a population based on data
observed differences btwn groups is a dependable one or one that happened by chance
four assumptions of IV samples t-test - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) interval / ratio data
2.) independent observations
3.) normality (normal skewed)
4.) homogeneity of variance
4 types of experimental designs (matched pairs) - CORRECT ANSWER -- participants matched on some
participant variable
- matching variable will be the DV or variable strongly related to DV
- w/in each pair, randomly assign who will receive what level of IV
- pros: increased sensitivity, ensures groups are equivalent on matching variable prior to intro of IV
- caveat = match on variable related to DV
- cons: time consuming, costly
w/in subjects - CORRECT ANSWER -- participants exposed to all levels of IV
- pros = fewer participants needed, increased efficiency, increased sensitivity, greater control of individual differences,
participant serves as own control
- cons = order effects
Order effects - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) practice effect = may see improvement in 2nd task simply because of
practice gained in second task
2.) fatigue effect = performance may get worse over time as participants get tired, bored, or distracted
3.) carryover effect = effect from 1st condition carries over to influence response in 2nd condition
4.) sensitization = after several trials (IV / DV) combos, participants realize what the IV and DV which may lead to
demand characteristics
order effect solutions - CORRECT ANSWER -- time interval btwn conditions
- unrelated task to counteract carryover effect
- counterbalancing = all possible orders of presentation are included in the experiment -> allows us to determine the
extent to which order is influencing our results
Pretest Posttest design - CORRECT ANSWER -- get group of participants
- pretest given
- induce treatment
- measure the effect of treatment in DV
- focuses on change from pretest to posttest
- cons = time consuming, sensitize students to study purpose
- solutions = disguise the pretest, different situation = different experimenter, include w. other measures so unclear what's
being studied
Threats to internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) individuals may change w/o treatment
2.) measurement errors can look like treatment effect
3.) differences btwn your groups that have nothing to do w/ your treatment
individuals may change w/o treatment (testing) - CORRECT ANSWER -testing = repeated measure of the same
individual may impact a person's subsequent scores
- increase is due to practice / familiarity w/ measuring instruments
- solutions = use distracter items or tasks, increases time btwn conditions, give participants lots of practice
individuals may change w/o treatment (maturation) - CORRECT ANSWER -maturation = results due to normal
maturation of the participant
- long term (longitudinal) = participants become older, wiser, more mature
- short term = participants become tired, bored, or hungry during experiment
Questions and CORRECT Answers
variable - CORRECT ANSWER -- factor or element that you expect to change, vary, or have or have several
different values
- must have at least 2 levels or values
- some variables are well defined -> height
conceptual variable definition - CORRECT ANSWER -- defining a variable in theoretical terms (aggression,
happiness)
operational variable - CORRECT ANSWER -- determining how you will use the variables in your study
- discusses ABSTRACT concepts in CONCRETE (observable) terms
two types of observations - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) measured operational definition = specifies the exact
procedure for measuring the dependent variable
2.) experimental operational definition = specifies the exact procedure for creating values of the independent variable
internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER -- ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from results of
study
- needs:
1.) association - must have some relationship
2.) temporal precedence - manipulated variable comes before measured variable
3.) eliminate plausible alternative explanations (confounding variable)
4.) hold extraneous variables constant
5.) control for variables that cannot be held constant
extraneous variables - CORRECT ANSWER -- any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely
to influence dependent variable
eliminating confounds - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) hold extraneous variables constant -> some extraneous
variables cannot easily be held constant
2.) control for variables that cannot be held constant (random assignment)
Two methods of straightforward manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) stimuli = different conditions use
different stimuli
2.) instructional = different conditions are given different instructions
- pros = standardize is relatively easy, automatization
reduces experimenter bias
- cons = participants might misinterpret or ignore instructional manipulation
Staged manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER -- events during the experiment are staged to manipulate the IV
successfully
- stimulate some situation that occurs in the real world
- try to create some psychological state in participants
- often times requires use of a confederate (a person who appears to be in an experiment but is part of manipulation)
- pros = least vulnerable to subject biases, demand characteristics
- cons = question of ethics - involves deception, difficult to standardize confederate performances
things to consider in experimental design - CORRECT ANSWER -- manipulation strength = maximize differences
btwn levels of your IV -> increase chance of finding an effect
- manipulation check = an attempt to directly measure whether the IV manipulation had intended effect on participants
Reduce experimenter bias - CORRECT ANSWER -- well trained and consistent experimenters
- run all conditions at once
- automated procedures
- use experimenters unaware of the hypothesis
- double blind = neither participant nor experimenter knows hypothesis
, reduce subject bias - CORRECT ANSWER -- limited info on informed consent
- deception
- disguise w. filler items
- post-explanation interviews -> what do you think hypothesis was
inferential statistics - CORRECT ANSWER -- allows us to draw conclusions about a population based on data
observed differences btwn groups is a dependable one or one that happened by chance
four assumptions of IV samples t-test - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) interval / ratio data
2.) independent observations
3.) normality (normal skewed)
4.) homogeneity of variance
4 types of experimental designs (matched pairs) - CORRECT ANSWER -- participants matched on some
participant variable
- matching variable will be the DV or variable strongly related to DV
- w/in each pair, randomly assign who will receive what level of IV
- pros: increased sensitivity, ensures groups are equivalent on matching variable prior to intro of IV
- caveat = match on variable related to DV
- cons: time consuming, costly
w/in subjects - CORRECT ANSWER -- participants exposed to all levels of IV
- pros = fewer participants needed, increased efficiency, increased sensitivity, greater control of individual differences,
participant serves as own control
- cons = order effects
Order effects - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) practice effect = may see improvement in 2nd task simply because of
practice gained in second task
2.) fatigue effect = performance may get worse over time as participants get tired, bored, or distracted
3.) carryover effect = effect from 1st condition carries over to influence response in 2nd condition
4.) sensitization = after several trials (IV / DV) combos, participants realize what the IV and DV which may lead to
demand characteristics
order effect solutions - CORRECT ANSWER -- time interval btwn conditions
- unrelated task to counteract carryover effect
- counterbalancing = all possible orders of presentation are included in the experiment -> allows us to determine the
extent to which order is influencing our results
Pretest Posttest design - CORRECT ANSWER -- get group of participants
- pretest given
- induce treatment
- measure the effect of treatment in DV
- focuses on change from pretest to posttest
- cons = time consuming, sensitize students to study purpose
- solutions = disguise the pretest, different situation = different experimenter, include w. other measures so unclear what's
being studied
Threats to internal validity - CORRECT ANSWER -1.) individuals may change w/o treatment
2.) measurement errors can look like treatment effect
3.) differences btwn your groups that have nothing to do w/ your treatment
individuals may change w/o treatment (testing) - CORRECT ANSWER -testing = repeated measure of the same
individual may impact a person's subsequent scores
- increase is due to practice / familiarity w/ measuring instruments
- solutions = use distracter items or tasks, increases time btwn conditions, give participants lots of practice
individuals may change w/o treatment (maturation) - CORRECT ANSWER -maturation = results due to normal
maturation of the participant
- long term (longitudinal) = participants become older, wiser, more mature
- short term = participants become tired, bored, or hungry during experiment
