EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Bacteriostatic. Answer: Inhibits growth; relies on host immunity
(tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides).
●● MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Answer: Lowest
concentration that inhibits visible growth.
●● MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration). Answer: Lowest
concentration that kills 99.9% of organisms.
●● Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE). Answer: Suppression of growth after
antibiotic levels drop below MIC.
●● Narrow Spectrum. Answer: Penicillin G targets Gram-positive cocci.
●● Extended Spectrum. Answer: Ampicillin targets Gram+ and limited
Gram-.
, ●● Broad Spectrum. Answer: Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones target
Gram+/- and atypicals.
●● Enzymatic degradation. Answer: Mechanism of resistance involving
β-lactamases and acetyltransferases.
●● Target modification. Answer: Mechanism of resistance involving
altered PBPs or ribosomes.
●● Decreased permeability. Answer: Mechanism of resistance involving
porin loss (Gram-).
●● Efflux pumps. Answer: Mechanism of resistance that removes drug
from bacterial cell.
●● Renal/hepatic function. Answer: Factors affecting choice of
antimicrobial therapy; requires dose adjustment.
●● Age & pregnancy. Answer: Factors affecting choice of antimicrobial
therapy; tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides should be
avoided.
●● Immune status. Answer: Factors affecting choice of antimicrobial
therapy; bactericidal preferred in neutropenic/immunocompromised.