AOPP NPQ TEST PRACTICE
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Speech Production Disorders.
Answer: Should be able to differentially diagnose the type of SPD
(sometimes we can't attach a label right away so we can call it SPD for the
time being)-They all have different etiologies and characteristics
◍ Psychological Assessment.
Answer: -Process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews,
behavioral observations, and other assessment tools to gather data on an
individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the purpose of
description, classification, prediction, and intervention
◍ Articulation disorder.
Answer: Applied when they just have one or a few speech sound errors. Ex:
w/r, lispsThey have generally good intelligibilityIt usually is not
motorFunctional learned behavior.They could have normal speech and
language development. Think about: What has not developed yet?
◍ Phonological disorder.
Answer: Pattern must be demonstrated across multiple soundsThey don’t
understand the rules of phonology so it becomes a pattern. Faulty rule
systems.Reduced intelligibilityPhono process errorsHigher risk for other
language issues(morph and syntax issues) and delayed speech It has to occur
across all sounds in order to be Phonological processThink about: What has
not disappeared yet?
◍ Examiner Qualifications.
Answer: -Level A: may be administered and interpreted by a
, non-psychologist-Level B: require some technical knowledge of test
construction and use, as well as completion of supporting educational and
psychological subjects-Level C: should be administered only by individuals
with at least an MA in psychology and at least one year of supervised
experience under a psychologist
◍ Omission.
Answer: not produced at all Notation: -/(phoneme deleted)Ex: dog-->[ag]=
-/g
◍ Substitution.
Answer: another phoneme substituted for correct phonemeNotation:
(substituted phoneme)/(correct phoneme)Ex: cat-->[tæt]= t/k
◍ Reliability vs Validity.
Answer: -Reliability: degree to which test scores are free from the effects of
measurement errorValidity: degree to which a test measures what it was
designed to measure
◍ Standardization.
Answer: -The examinee's responses, the apparatus, and the scoring have
been fixed so the scores collected at different times and places are fully
comparable; any deviations from standardized administration and scoring
may result in invalid conclusions-The test has been administered under
standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of
establishing norms; the greater the discrepancy between the examinee and
the norm group, the less likely the test results will be valid
◍ Distortion.
Answer: if there is no other phoneme that it is substituted forEx: (lateral
lisp), frontal distortion
◍ Final consonant deletion.
Answer: deletion of final consonant or entire final consonant cluster in a
word. dad => [dæ]
◍ Types of Scoring.
, Answer: -Norm-Referenced: comparison between an examinee's scores and
the scores of the norm group; percentile ranks, standard
scores-Criterion-Referenced: domain or content referenced; scores based on
what the examinee can do or knows with regard to clearly defined content;
percent correct-Self-Referenced: ipsative; intra-individual comparison of
scores; relative strengths or weaknesses
◍ Behavioral Assessment.
Answer: -Focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific
circumstances -May utilize behavioral interviews, observation, cognitive
assessment, or psychophysiological measures-Functional behavioral
assessment (FBA): determines the purpose of a behavior by identifying
antecedents and consequences
◍ Dynamic Assessment.
Answer: -Interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized
procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee-Associated
with educational assessment-Testing the limits: involves providing
examinees with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback; ordinarily done
after standardized administration-Graduated prompting: giving the examinee
a series of verbal prompts that are graduated in terms of difficulty
level-Test-teach-retest: following the initial assessment with an intervention
designed to modify the examinee's performance, then re-assessing
◍ Computer-Assisted Assessment.
Answer: -Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): computer tailors the test to an
individual examinee by choosing subsequent items based on previous
answers-Increases precision and efficacy, as all examinees are tested with
the same degree of reliability and reduced testing time-Computer-based
interpretations should not be used to replaced clinical judgement
◍ Initial consonant deletion.
Answer: omission of single consonants in the initial position of a target
word. cat => [æt]
◍ Velar fronting.
, Answer: replacement of velar phonemes /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ by sounds produced
more anteriorly in the mouth. key => [ti]
◍ Backing.
Answer: replacement of sounds that are produced with anterior constriction
by sounds produced more posteriorly. tea => [ki]
◍ Actuarial vs Clinical Predictions.
Answer: -Actuarial: statistical; based on empirically validated relationship
between test results and specific criteria-Clinical: based on the
decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; clinical judgement
-Research has found that actuarial method alone is more accurate than
clinical judgement alone
◍ Assessing Children.
Answer: -Interviews can be used to obtain reliable and valid data from
children as young as 6-Goals include establishing rapport and maintaining
the child's cooperation, and can be accomplished by using descriptive
statements, reflections, and open-ended questions; providing labeled praise;
and avoiding critical statements and leading questions
◍ Consonant Cluster Reduction.
Answer: deletion of one or all consonants in a cluster. please => [piz]
◍ Liquid Gliding.
Answer: the liquids: /l/ and /r/ are replaced with the glides /j/ and /w/. rabbit
=> [wæbɪt], lady => [jedɪ]
◍ Assessing Members of Culturally Diverse Populations.
Answer: -Considerations include acculturation, identity, language
proficiency, availability of appropriate norms, cultural equivalence of
content measured by the test, and availability of more culturally appropriate
alternatives -There are no truly culture-fair or culture-free tests-Research has
found no consistent effect of match or mismatch between examiner and
examinee in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture
◍ Self-Report.
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Speech Production Disorders.
Answer: Should be able to differentially diagnose the type of SPD
(sometimes we can't attach a label right away so we can call it SPD for the
time being)-They all have different etiologies and characteristics
◍ Psychological Assessment.
Answer: -Process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews,
behavioral observations, and other assessment tools to gather data on an
individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the purpose of
description, classification, prediction, and intervention
◍ Articulation disorder.
Answer: Applied when they just have one or a few speech sound errors. Ex:
w/r, lispsThey have generally good intelligibilityIt usually is not
motorFunctional learned behavior.They could have normal speech and
language development. Think about: What has not developed yet?
◍ Phonological disorder.
Answer: Pattern must be demonstrated across multiple soundsThey don’t
understand the rules of phonology so it becomes a pattern. Faulty rule
systems.Reduced intelligibilityPhono process errorsHigher risk for other
language issues(morph and syntax issues) and delayed speech It has to occur
across all sounds in order to be Phonological processThink about: What has
not disappeared yet?
◍ Examiner Qualifications.
Answer: -Level A: may be administered and interpreted by a
, non-psychologist-Level B: require some technical knowledge of test
construction and use, as well as completion of supporting educational and
psychological subjects-Level C: should be administered only by individuals
with at least an MA in psychology and at least one year of supervised
experience under a psychologist
◍ Omission.
Answer: not produced at all Notation: -/(phoneme deleted)Ex: dog-->[ag]=
-/g
◍ Substitution.
Answer: another phoneme substituted for correct phonemeNotation:
(substituted phoneme)/(correct phoneme)Ex: cat-->[tæt]= t/k
◍ Reliability vs Validity.
Answer: -Reliability: degree to which test scores are free from the effects of
measurement errorValidity: degree to which a test measures what it was
designed to measure
◍ Standardization.
Answer: -The examinee's responses, the apparatus, and the scoring have
been fixed so the scores collected at different times and places are fully
comparable; any deviations from standardized administration and scoring
may result in invalid conclusions-The test has been administered under
standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of
establishing norms; the greater the discrepancy between the examinee and
the norm group, the less likely the test results will be valid
◍ Distortion.
Answer: if there is no other phoneme that it is substituted forEx: (lateral
lisp), frontal distortion
◍ Final consonant deletion.
Answer: deletion of final consonant or entire final consonant cluster in a
word. dad => [dæ]
◍ Types of Scoring.
, Answer: -Norm-Referenced: comparison between an examinee's scores and
the scores of the norm group; percentile ranks, standard
scores-Criterion-Referenced: domain or content referenced; scores based on
what the examinee can do or knows with regard to clearly defined content;
percent correct-Self-Referenced: ipsative; intra-individual comparison of
scores; relative strengths or weaknesses
◍ Behavioral Assessment.
Answer: -Focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific
circumstances -May utilize behavioral interviews, observation, cognitive
assessment, or psychophysiological measures-Functional behavioral
assessment (FBA): determines the purpose of a behavior by identifying
antecedents and consequences
◍ Dynamic Assessment.
Answer: -Interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized
procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee-Associated
with educational assessment-Testing the limits: involves providing
examinees with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback; ordinarily done
after standardized administration-Graduated prompting: giving the examinee
a series of verbal prompts that are graduated in terms of difficulty
level-Test-teach-retest: following the initial assessment with an intervention
designed to modify the examinee's performance, then re-assessing
◍ Computer-Assisted Assessment.
Answer: -Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): computer tailors the test to an
individual examinee by choosing subsequent items based on previous
answers-Increases precision and efficacy, as all examinees are tested with
the same degree of reliability and reduced testing time-Computer-based
interpretations should not be used to replaced clinical judgement
◍ Initial consonant deletion.
Answer: omission of single consonants in the initial position of a target
word. cat => [æt]
◍ Velar fronting.
, Answer: replacement of velar phonemes /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ by sounds produced
more anteriorly in the mouth. key => [ti]
◍ Backing.
Answer: replacement of sounds that are produced with anterior constriction
by sounds produced more posteriorly. tea => [ki]
◍ Actuarial vs Clinical Predictions.
Answer: -Actuarial: statistical; based on empirically validated relationship
between test results and specific criteria-Clinical: based on the
decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; clinical judgement
-Research has found that actuarial method alone is more accurate than
clinical judgement alone
◍ Assessing Children.
Answer: -Interviews can be used to obtain reliable and valid data from
children as young as 6-Goals include establishing rapport and maintaining
the child's cooperation, and can be accomplished by using descriptive
statements, reflections, and open-ended questions; providing labeled praise;
and avoiding critical statements and leading questions
◍ Consonant Cluster Reduction.
Answer: deletion of one or all consonants in a cluster. please => [piz]
◍ Liquid Gliding.
Answer: the liquids: /l/ and /r/ are replaced with the glides /j/ and /w/. rabbit
=> [wæbɪt], lady => [jedɪ]
◍ Assessing Members of Culturally Diverse Populations.
Answer: -Considerations include acculturation, identity, language
proficiency, availability of appropriate norms, cultural equivalence of
content measured by the test, and availability of more culturally appropriate
alternatives -There are no truly culture-fair or culture-free tests-Research has
found no consistent effect of match or mismatch between examiner and
examinee in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture
◍ Self-Report.
