Year 13: Three Issues and four Debates (Paper 3)
1. Gender
2. Culture
3. Nature/ Nurture
4. Free will/ Determinism
5. Holism/ Reductionism
6. Idiographic/ Nomothetic
7. Ethical implications
1
, Gender
1.Universality is the belief that all humans are alike/ what is true for one gender is true for everyone/ Early
psychologists used male samples and generalised
E.g Milgram and also Asch
2.Gender bias is if psychology does not represent the characteristics of either one of these genders. There are
TWO types:
-Alpha bias devalues /exaggerates one gender compared to the other
E.g Freud and also Evolution
-Beta bias occurs when differences are ignored, minimized or underestimated.
It happens when females are not included in research but it is assumed that the findings apply to both
E.g. Social influence research and also Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
3.Androcentrism is when ‘normal’ behavior is judged in accordance to male standards
E.g. Freud and also Social influence research
4. Ways of dealing with gender bias
Have = numbers of M and F/ Have M and F researchers/ only generalise to the gender used in the study/ be
reflective
2
1. Gender
2. Culture
3. Nature/ Nurture
4. Free will/ Determinism
5. Holism/ Reductionism
6. Idiographic/ Nomothetic
7. Ethical implications
1
, Gender
1.Universality is the belief that all humans are alike/ what is true for one gender is true for everyone/ Early
psychologists used male samples and generalised
E.g Milgram and also Asch
2.Gender bias is if psychology does not represent the characteristics of either one of these genders. There are
TWO types:
-Alpha bias devalues /exaggerates one gender compared to the other
E.g Freud and also Evolution
-Beta bias occurs when differences are ignored, minimized or underestimated.
It happens when females are not included in research but it is assumed that the findings apply to both
E.g. Social influence research and also Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
3.Androcentrism is when ‘normal’ behavior is judged in accordance to male standards
E.g. Freud and also Social influence research
4. Ways of dealing with gender bias
Have = numbers of M and F/ Have M and F researchers/ only generalise to the gender used in the study/ be
reflective
2
