lOMoARcPSD|64026470
BSC 2086 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 4 Study Guide - Dr. Smith
In addition to reviewing the following questions, please also review the quiz questions for each chapter.
Reproductive System
1. Name the male and female primary sex organs (gonads) and sex cells (gametes).
a. Gonads- testes and ovaries
b. Sex cells- sperm, egg
2. List the 3 primary sex hormones.
a. Ducts, glands, external genitalia
3. True or false: i) Estradiol is only found in females. ii) Testosterone is only found in males.
a. F, T
4. What is the importance of the external location of the testes?
a. Temperature
5. What is cryptorchidism?
a. A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum
6. Where is sperm produced? Where is it stored?
a. Seminiferous tubules
7. Outline the pathway of sperm through the duct system, starting from epididymis to urethra.
a. passes up from scrotum through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder, joins duct of seminal
vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
8. What structure is severed in a vasectomy?
a. Vas deferens
9. Describe the location, structure, and function of the seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
a. Seminal gland- On posterior bladder surface, smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation; produces
viscous alkaline seminal fluid (70% volume of semen); duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to
form ejaculatory duct
b. Prostate glands- encircles urethra encircles bladder, size of peach pit, smooth muscle contracts during
ejaculation; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid (1/3 semen volume) (contains enzymes and prostate-
specific antigen; PSA) (Role in sperm activation)
c. Bulbourethral glands- Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate; produce thick, clear mucus during sexual
arousal; lubricate glans penis; neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
10. What is prostatic hyperplasia?
a. Increase in number of cells, causing gland enlargement
11. Describe the characteristics of semen, including pH, hormones, and ATP source (a sugar).
a. Contains fructose for ATP production; protects and activates sperm; facilitates sperm movement;
hormone relaxin, enzymes-sperm motility; suppresses female immune response; Alkaline-neutralizes
acidity of male urethra and female vagina- enhanced motility
12. What role does nitric oxide play in the male sexual response?
a. Makes it erect
13. Describe the major differences between mitosis and meiosis (including number of divisions, daughter cell
number and genetic composition, and locations/roles in the body).
a. Mitosis consists of one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells (46
chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis produces two
identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells.
14. Define diploid and haploid. What are those numbers in humans?
a. Diploid- Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
b. Haploid- Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
c. 46, 23
15. Which is more similar to mitosis, meiosis I or II?
a. Meiosis II
16. Is mitosis a part of spermatogenesis?
a. Yes
17. Describe the 3 main regions of a sperm cell. Which region contains the DNA? The mitochondria?
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
a. The head of the sperm contains the nucleus, the nucleus holds the DNA
b. The midpiece is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy.
Sperm use the energy in the midpiece to move.
c. The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller around and around. This tail is a long flagella that pushes the
sperm forward
18. Describe components of the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, including the endocrine structures
and hormones involved, and negative feedback regulation by testosterone and inhibin.
a. Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anterior pituitary secretes FSH and
LH (gonadotropin hormones)
b. LH targets interstitial endocrine cells (AKA Leydig cells - outside of tubules) secrete testosterone
c. FSH causes sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) high concentration
of testosterone near spermatogenic cells – spermatogenesis
d. Rising testosterone levels feedback inhibition on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH and on pituitary to
inhibit gonadotropin release
e. Inhibin (released when sperm count high) – inhibits GnRH and FSH release
19. Name 2 gonadotropins.
a. FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
b. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
20. Testosterone, like other steroid hormones, is synthesized from _____________ as a precursor.
a. Cholesterol
21. List some effects of testosterone.
a. Testicular atrophy
b. Semen volume declines
c. Erection and ejaculation impaired
d. puberty
22. List the female reproductive accessory ducts. Which, if any, are connected to the ovaries?
a. Uterine (fallopian) tubes
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
d.
23. The __________________develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
a. Corpus luteum
24. Why is cytokinesis uneven during meiosis of the ova? What is a polar body?
a. Although DNA is split equally to yield 2 haploid cells,
i. The cytoplasm and organelles all go to one bigger cell (secondary oocycte, to be ovulated), while
the other small cell (polar body) deteriorates
ii. Makes sense: double the cytoplasm (more stored nutrients, structures) to accommodate
incoming sperm, who is only providing DNA
iii. Analogous to someone coming over for dinner empty-handed (the sperm): the ovum has to
prepare 2x the food
25. Fill in the numbers: Oogenesis produces ___3___ haploid polar bodies and __1___functional ovum that retains
all cytoplasm from each division; spermatogenesis produces ___4__ functional gametes.
26. What are the 2 consecutive phases in a monthly ovarian cycle? What event occurs at mid-cycle?
a. Follicular phase, luteal phase
b. Ovulation
27. How many tertiary follicles begin maturation during each ovarian cycle? How many fully mature?
a. A few, one
28. How does leptin help establish the ovarian cycle?
a. Causes hypothalamus to become less sensitive to estrogen
29. A surge in _______ triggers ovulation.
a. LH
30. Describe the 3 phases of the uterine cycle, including timing and which (if any) hormones are prevalent in each.
a. Menstrual Phase- (Days 1-5)
messages.downloaded_by
BSC 2086 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 4 Study Guide - Dr. Smith
In addition to reviewing the following questions, please also review the quiz questions for each chapter.
Reproductive System
1. Name the male and female primary sex organs (gonads) and sex cells (gametes).
a. Gonads- testes and ovaries
b. Sex cells- sperm, egg
2. List the 3 primary sex hormones.
a. Ducts, glands, external genitalia
3. True or false: i) Estradiol is only found in females. ii) Testosterone is only found in males.
a. F, T
4. What is the importance of the external location of the testes?
a. Temperature
5. What is cryptorchidism?
a. A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum
6. Where is sperm produced? Where is it stored?
a. Seminiferous tubules
7. Outline the pathway of sperm through the duct system, starting from epididymis to urethra.
a. passes up from scrotum through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder, joins duct of seminal
vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
8. What structure is severed in a vasectomy?
a. Vas deferens
9. Describe the location, structure, and function of the seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
a. Seminal gland- On posterior bladder surface, smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation; produces
viscous alkaline seminal fluid (70% volume of semen); duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to
form ejaculatory duct
b. Prostate glands- encircles urethra encircles bladder, size of peach pit, smooth muscle contracts during
ejaculation; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid (1/3 semen volume) (contains enzymes and prostate-
specific antigen; PSA) (Role in sperm activation)
c. Bulbourethral glands- Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate; produce thick, clear mucus during sexual
arousal; lubricate glans penis; neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
10. What is prostatic hyperplasia?
a. Increase in number of cells, causing gland enlargement
11. Describe the characteristics of semen, including pH, hormones, and ATP source (a sugar).
a. Contains fructose for ATP production; protects and activates sperm; facilitates sperm movement;
hormone relaxin, enzymes-sperm motility; suppresses female immune response; Alkaline-neutralizes
acidity of male urethra and female vagina- enhanced motility
12. What role does nitric oxide play in the male sexual response?
a. Makes it erect
13. Describe the major differences between mitosis and meiosis (including number of divisions, daughter cell
number and genetic composition, and locations/roles in the body).
a. Mitosis consists of one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells (46
chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis produces two
identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells.
14. Define diploid and haploid. What are those numbers in humans?
a. Diploid- Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
b. Haploid- Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
c. 46, 23
15. Which is more similar to mitosis, meiosis I or II?
a. Meiosis II
16. Is mitosis a part of spermatogenesis?
a. Yes
17. Describe the 3 main regions of a sperm cell. Which region contains the DNA? The mitochondria?
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
a. The head of the sperm contains the nucleus, the nucleus holds the DNA
b. The midpiece is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy.
Sperm use the energy in the midpiece to move.
c. The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller around and around. This tail is a long flagella that pushes the
sperm forward
18. Describe components of the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, including the endocrine structures
and hormones involved, and negative feedback regulation by testosterone and inhibin.
a. Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anterior pituitary secretes FSH and
LH (gonadotropin hormones)
b. LH targets interstitial endocrine cells (AKA Leydig cells - outside of tubules) secrete testosterone
c. FSH causes sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) high concentration
of testosterone near spermatogenic cells – spermatogenesis
d. Rising testosterone levels feedback inhibition on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH and on pituitary to
inhibit gonadotropin release
e. Inhibin (released when sperm count high) – inhibits GnRH and FSH release
19. Name 2 gonadotropins.
a. FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
b. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
20. Testosterone, like other steroid hormones, is synthesized from _____________ as a precursor.
a. Cholesterol
21. List some effects of testosterone.
a. Testicular atrophy
b. Semen volume declines
c. Erection and ejaculation impaired
d. puberty
22. List the female reproductive accessory ducts. Which, if any, are connected to the ovaries?
a. Uterine (fallopian) tubes
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
d.
23. The __________________develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
a. Corpus luteum
24. Why is cytokinesis uneven during meiosis of the ova? What is a polar body?
a. Although DNA is split equally to yield 2 haploid cells,
i. The cytoplasm and organelles all go to one bigger cell (secondary oocycte, to be ovulated), while
the other small cell (polar body) deteriorates
ii. Makes sense: double the cytoplasm (more stored nutrients, structures) to accommodate
incoming sperm, who is only providing DNA
iii. Analogous to someone coming over for dinner empty-handed (the sperm): the ovum has to
prepare 2x the food
25. Fill in the numbers: Oogenesis produces ___3___ haploid polar bodies and __1___functional ovum that retains
all cytoplasm from each division; spermatogenesis produces ___4__ functional gametes.
26. What are the 2 consecutive phases in a monthly ovarian cycle? What event occurs at mid-cycle?
a. Follicular phase, luteal phase
b. Ovulation
27. How many tertiary follicles begin maturation during each ovarian cycle? How many fully mature?
a. A few, one
28. How does leptin help establish the ovarian cycle?
a. Causes hypothalamus to become less sensitive to estrogen
29. A surge in _______ triggers ovulation.
a. LH
30. Describe the 3 phases of the uterine cycle, including timing and which (if any) hormones are prevalent in each.
a. Menstrual Phase- (Days 1-5)
messages.downloaded_by
