Technology: Formula Sheet
PART 0: Fundamentals
SI-Prefixes Alkanes
Scientific Amount
Prefix Symbol Factor Name Formula
notation C-atoms
Tera 𝑇 10!" 1,000,000,000,000 1 Methane 𝐶𝐻(
Giga 𝐺 10# 1,000,000,000 2 Ethane 𝐶" 𝐻$
Mega 𝑀 10$ 1,000,000 3 Propane 𝐶% 𝐻)
Kilo 𝑘 10% 1,000
4 Butane 𝐶( 𝐻!&
Hecto ℎ 10" 100
Deca 𝑑𝑎 10 10 5 Pentane 𝐶* 𝐻!"
BASIC / 10& 1 6 Hexane 𝐶$ 𝐻!(
Deci 𝑑 10'! 0.1 7 Heptane 𝐶+ 𝐻!$
Centi 𝑐 10'" 0.01 8 Octane 𝐶) 𝐻!)
Milli 𝑚 10'% 0.001 9 Nonane 𝐶# 𝐻"&
Micro 𝜇 10'$ 0.000,001 10 Decane 𝐶!& 𝐻""
Nano 𝑛 10'# 0.000,000,001
Pico 𝑝 10'!" 0.000,000,000,001
Time conversion constants
- 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365𝑑 = 8,760ℎ = 525,600𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 31,536,000𝑠
- 1𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 = 7𝑑 = 168ℎ = 4,032𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 241,920𝑠
- 1𝑑 = 24ℎ = 1,440𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 86,400𝑠
Atomic masses (𝑀) of common elements
Element Symbol M (𝒈⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍) Element Symbol M (𝒈⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍)
Hydrogen 𝐻 1.008 Carbon 𝐶 12.011
Nitrogen 𝑁 14.007 Oxygen 𝑂 15.999
Sodium 𝑁𝑎 22.990 Magnesium 𝑀𝑔 24.305
Phosphorus 𝑃 30.974 Sulphur 𝑆 32.06
Chlorine 𝐶𝑙 35.45 Potassium 𝐾 39.098
Calcium 𝐶𝑎 40.078 Manganese 𝑀𝑛 54.938
Iron 𝐹𝑒 55.845 Copper 𝐶𝑢 63.546
Zinc 𝑍𝑛 65.38 Lead 𝑃𝑏 207.2
Type of parameters
- Mass: unit of weight
- Concentration: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
- Flow: 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- Flux = loading rate: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- Volumetric loading rate: 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
, Part I: Policy and regulation
2) Concepts and terminology
Parameter list
Parameter Symbol Unit Standard value
Chemical Oxygen Demand 𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Domestic WW: 600 − 1,000
- Industrial WW: 10,000
Biological Oxygen Demand 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Domestic WW: 300 − 500
𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷∞ 𝐿 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
Biodegradable fraction 𝑓! /
Nitrogen Oxygen Demand 𝑁𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - 50
Suspended Solids concentration 𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Legally allowed: 60
Phosphorus concentration 𝑃 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - 15 − 30
Energy 𝐸 𝐽
Power 𝑃 𝑊
Formulas
- 𝐵𝑂𝐷* = 𝐵𝑂𝐷∞ × 0.65 = 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 × 0.65
,-./
- 𝐿 = 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝑓, × 𝐶𝑂𝐷 è 𝑓, =
-./
- 𝑉. 𝐸. = 𝑁! + 𝑁" + 𝑁% + 𝑁0 + 𝑁1
2
- 𝑃= 3
Standard values
- 1𝑔 𝑁𝐻(4 needs 4𝑔 𝑂"
- 1 IE =
o 𝑉 = 180𝐿 of wastewater
o 𝑆𝑆 = 500 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 300 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 750 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐾𝑗𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑎ℎ𝑙 − 𝑁 = 55 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
- 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 4.2 𝐽
5
- Daily intake of energy per adult: 2000𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 × 4.2 678 = 8,400𝑘𝐽 = 8.4𝑀𝐽
5×:
- 1𝑘𝑊ℎ = 1,000𝑊 × 3600𝑠 = 3.6 × 10$ :
= 3.6𝑀𝐽
- 1𝑘𝑔 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 ~ 1𝑘𝑊ℎ electrical consumption
- 1𝑘𝑔 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 ~ 2.5 à 3𝑘𝑊ℎ thermal energy
PART 0: Fundamentals
SI-Prefixes Alkanes
Scientific Amount
Prefix Symbol Factor Name Formula
notation C-atoms
Tera 𝑇 10!" 1,000,000,000,000 1 Methane 𝐶𝐻(
Giga 𝐺 10# 1,000,000,000 2 Ethane 𝐶" 𝐻$
Mega 𝑀 10$ 1,000,000 3 Propane 𝐶% 𝐻)
Kilo 𝑘 10% 1,000
4 Butane 𝐶( 𝐻!&
Hecto ℎ 10" 100
Deca 𝑑𝑎 10 10 5 Pentane 𝐶* 𝐻!"
BASIC / 10& 1 6 Hexane 𝐶$ 𝐻!(
Deci 𝑑 10'! 0.1 7 Heptane 𝐶+ 𝐻!$
Centi 𝑐 10'" 0.01 8 Octane 𝐶) 𝐻!)
Milli 𝑚 10'% 0.001 9 Nonane 𝐶# 𝐻"&
Micro 𝜇 10'$ 0.000,001 10 Decane 𝐶!& 𝐻""
Nano 𝑛 10'# 0.000,000,001
Pico 𝑝 10'!" 0.000,000,000,001
Time conversion constants
- 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365𝑑 = 8,760ℎ = 525,600𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 31,536,000𝑠
- 1𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 = 7𝑑 = 168ℎ = 4,032𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 241,920𝑠
- 1𝑑 = 24ℎ = 1,440𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 86,400𝑠
Atomic masses (𝑀) of common elements
Element Symbol M (𝒈⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍) Element Symbol M (𝒈⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍)
Hydrogen 𝐻 1.008 Carbon 𝐶 12.011
Nitrogen 𝑁 14.007 Oxygen 𝑂 15.999
Sodium 𝑁𝑎 22.990 Magnesium 𝑀𝑔 24.305
Phosphorus 𝑃 30.974 Sulphur 𝑆 32.06
Chlorine 𝐶𝑙 35.45 Potassium 𝐾 39.098
Calcium 𝐶𝑎 40.078 Manganese 𝑀𝑛 54.938
Iron 𝐹𝑒 55.845 Copper 𝐶𝑢 63.546
Zinc 𝑍𝑛 65.38 Lead 𝑃𝑏 207.2
Type of parameters
- Mass: unit of weight
- Concentration: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
- Flow: 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- Flux = loading rate: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- Volumetric loading rate: 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
, Part I: Policy and regulation
2) Concepts and terminology
Parameter list
Parameter Symbol Unit Standard value
Chemical Oxygen Demand 𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Domestic WW: 600 − 1,000
- Industrial WW: 10,000
Biological Oxygen Demand 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Domestic WW: 300 − 500
𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷∞ 𝐿 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
Biodegradable fraction 𝑓! /
Nitrogen Oxygen Demand 𝑁𝑂𝐷 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - 50
Suspended Solids concentration 𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - Legally allowed: 60
Phosphorus concentration 𝑃 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿 - 15 − 30
Energy 𝐸 𝐽
Power 𝑃 𝑊
Formulas
- 𝐵𝑂𝐷* = 𝐵𝑂𝐷∞ × 0.65 = 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 × 0.65
,-./
- 𝐿 = 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝑓, × 𝐶𝑂𝐷 è 𝑓, =
-./
- 𝑉. 𝐸. = 𝑁! + 𝑁" + 𝑁% + 𝑁0 + 𝑁1
2
- 𝑃= 3
Standard values
- 1𝑔 𝑁𝐻(4 needs 4𝑔 𝑂"
- 1 IE =
o 𝑉 = 180𝐿 of wastewater
o 𝑆𝑆 = 500 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 300 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 750 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
o 𝐾𝑗𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑎ℎ𝑙 − 𝑁 = 55 𝑚𝑔⁄𝐿
- 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 4.2 𝐽
5
- Daily intake of energy per adult: 2000𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 × 4.2 678 = 8,400𝑘𝐽 = 8.4𝑀𝐽
5×:
- 1𝑘𝑊ℎ = 1,000𝑊 × 3600𝑠 = 3.6 × 10$ :
= 3.6𝑀𝐽
- 1𝑘𝑔 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 ~ 1𝑘𝑊ℎ electrical consumption
- 1𝑘𝑔 𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷 ~ 2.5 à 3𝑘𝑊ℎ thermal energy
