APHON ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ biotherapy.
Answer: modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own defense and
surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's immune
response, direct antitumor activity, other biological effects. side effects
typically hypersensitivity rx
◍ immune surveillance.
Answer: tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens on surface that can be
recognized/destroyed by immune system
◍ How many people ages 0-21 are diagnosed with cancer each year?.
Answer: 15,000 - 16,000
◍ What are the top 2 pediatric oncology diagnoses + the %.
Answer: 1. Leukemia - 29%2. Brain / CNS - 26%
◍ natural killer cells.
Answer: lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
◍ cytotoxic t cells.
Answer: recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
◍ What is the 5 yr survival rate for all peds onc diagnoses?For ALL?For
AML?.
Answer: All Dx: > 80%ALL: 90%AML: 65%
◍ interferons.
Answer: multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna. protein capable of
protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering w/ viral
, replication.family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative,
potent immunomodulatory effects
◍ cytokines.
Answer: products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of cells and
increase immune response
◍ Natural cell death.
Answer: Apoptosis
◍ alpha-interferon.
Answer: leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia, melanoma, chronic
myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell
lymphoma
◍ beta-interferon.
Answer: fibroblast-derived. tx MS
◍ gamma-interferon.
Answer: t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus disease
◍ Cell death from an insult that leads to rupture of the cell membrane and
spilling of cell contents.
Answer: Necrosis
◍ interleukin-2.
Answer: produced by t-helper cells & stimulate growth/maturation of t-cell
subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of lymphokines & cytokines.act as
chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
◍ Regulates normal cell growth and repair.
Answer: Proto-oncogenes
◍ retinoids.
Answer: immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation & suppress
proliferation of cancer cells
◍ Blood cell production.
Answer: Hematopoiesis
, ◍ Period of time when the pt's WBCs are the lowest, from day 7-10.
Answer: Nadir
◍ What time is when a pt is at the greatest risk for infection.
Answer: During Nadir
◍ Goal of chemo.
Answer: Stop cell cycle/growth from occurring and coming back
◍ Why are multiple chemo agents used?.
Answer: Resistance to a single chemo agent can occur
◍ Chemo cells OUT of bone marrow and in the peripheral system.
Answer: Blasts
◍ all-trans retinoic acid (atra).
Answer: tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, aplincrease maturation of promyelocytic
blasts and rapid resolution of coagulopathy r/t tx.
◍ Chemotherapy affects 4 things.
Answer: 1. Malignant cells2. Epidermal3. Bone Marrow4. Epithelial lining
◍ isotretinoin (accutane).
Answer: retinoid tx neuroblastoma. have antitumor activity unknown moa.
TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must register iPledge (fetal exposure). can
also affect hearing & vision
◍ antibodies.
Answer: proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral immunity of
adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
◍ S/S of Childhood Cancer.
Answer: fever, HA, n/v, fatigue, pain, petechiae, pallor, changes in gait,
pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, night sweats, hematuria, anorexia,
abdominal or extremity mass
◍ What 4 things can tumor markers monitor.
Answer: 1. tumor cell origin2. tumor cell activity3. therapy response4.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ biotherapy.
Answer: modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own defense and
surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's immune
response, direct antitumor activity, other biological effects. side effects
typically hypersensitivity rx
◍ immune surveillance.
Answer: tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens on surface that can be
recognized/destroyed by immune system
◍ How many people ages 0-21 are diagnosed with cancer each year?.
Answer: 15,000 - 16,000
◍ What are the top 2 pediatric oncology diagnoses + the %.
Answer: 1. Leukemia - 29%2. Brain / CNS - 26%
◍ natural killer cells.
Answer: lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
◍ cytotoxic t cells.
Answer: recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
◍ What is the 5 yr survival rate for all peds onc diagnoses?For ALL?For
AML?.
Answer: All Dx: > 80%ALL: 90%AML: 65%
◍ interferons.
Answer: multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna. protein capable of
protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering w/ viral
, replication.family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative,
potent immunomodulatory effects
◍ cytokines.
Answer: products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of cells and
increase immune response
◍ Natural cell death.
Answer: Apoptosis
◍ alpha-interferon.
Answer: leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia, melanoma, chronic
myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell
lymphoma
◍ beta-interferon.
Answer: fibroblast-derived. tx MS
◍ gamma-interferon.
Answer: t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus disease
◍ Cell death from an insult that leads to rupture of the cell membrane and
spilling of cell contents.
Answer: Necrosis
◍ interleukin-2.
Answer: produced by t-helper cells & stimulate growth/maturation of t-cell
subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of lymphokines & cytokines.act as
chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
◍ Regulates normal cell growth and repair.
Answer: Proto-oncogenes
◍ retinoids.
Answer: immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation & suppress
proliferation of cancer cells
◍ Blood cell production.
Answer: Hematopoiesis
, ◍ Period of time when the pt's WBCs are the lowest, from day 7-10.
Answer: Nadir
◍ What time is when a pt is at the greatest risk for infection.
Answer: During Nadir
◍ Goal of chemo.
Answer: Stop cell cycle/growth from occurring and coming back
◍ Why are multiple chemo agents used?.
Answer: Resistance to a single chemo agent can occur
◍ Chemo cells OUT of bone marrow and in the peripheral system.
Answer: Blasts
◍ all-trans retinoic acid (atra).
Answer: tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, aplincrease maturation of promyelocytic
blasts and rapid resolution of coagulopathy r/t tx.
◍ Chemotherapy affects 4 things.
Answer: 1. Malignant cells2. Epidermal3. Bone Marrow4. Epithelial lining
◍ isotretinoin (accutane).
Answer: retinoid tx neuroblastoma. have antitumor activity unknown moa.
TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must register iPledge (fetal exposure). can
also affect hearing & vision
◍ antibodies.
Answer: proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral immunity of
adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
◍ S/S of Childhood Cancer.
Answer: fever, HA, n/v, fatigue, pain, petechiae, pallor, changes in gait,
pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, night sweats, hematuria, anorexia,
abdominal or extremity mass
◍ What 4 things can tumor markers monitor.
Answer: 1. tumor cell origin2. tumor cell activity3. therapy response4.
