APHON FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ bone marrow metastases.
Answer: solid tumor origin
◍ important initial dx tests.
Answer: cbcd, baseline bone marrow function, lp, bma
◍ biopsy.
Answer: fine needle aspiration typically done in the pelvic bone
◍ truecut.
Answer: larger biopsy tissue specimens
◍ open procedure.
Answer: removal of larger sections of tumor or lymph nodes
◍ "second look".
Answer: multiple biopsies, inspect tumor bed to evaluate the extent of
residual disease
◍ resection.
Answer: removal of tumor as much as possible so no tumor of mrd is left.
based on surgeons evaluation, ct, mri, pet scan
◍ debridement.
Answer: removal of necrotic tissue
◍ palliative surgery.
Answer: relieve pain, bleeding, other symptoms w/o achieving cure
◍ hyperdiploid.
, Answer: lead to more positive prognosis. more chromosome
◍ hypodiploid.
Answer: decrease outcome. more negative prognosis
◍ tumor marker.
Answer: product of cell that serves useful indication of origin. ie afp or
n-myc
◍ neutrophil.
Answer: fight bacterial infections. include segmented or bands
◍ lymphocyte.
Answer: protein markers that secrete antibodies, help id & destroy foreign
proteins
◍ monocyte.
Answer: phagocytic. involved in early inflammatory response
◍ eosinophils.
Answer: respond to allergic / anaphylactic / parasitic rx/infections
◍ basophils.
Answer: release histamine in extravascular sites where injury has occurred
◍ histamine.
Answer: allows migration of other wbcs to injury site by increasing vessel
permeability
◍ tumor suppressor gene.
Answer: suppress cell growth & participate in neoplastic transformation
when inactivated/deleted. typically keep cell growth wnl, if damaged, cells
grow out of control
◍ tnm system.
Answer: tumor - primary sizelymph node involvement -
presence/absencedistant metasteses
◍ relief of mechanical obstruction.
, Answer: placement/repair of implanted devices ie. shunts, central lines, or
decompression of obstructed organs/structures
◍ chemotherapy.
Answer: drug therapy aimed at reducing tumor volume by cytotoxic effects
& pvt division & spread. kill rapidly dividing cells in different parts of cycle
◍ indications for surgery in peds pt.
Answer: dx biopsy to confirm dxstaging / 2nd look proceduredebulk /
resectioncomplete resectiondebridementrelieve mechanical
obstructionpalliative / supportive care
◍ common side effects of chemo.
Answer: bone marrow: anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopeniagi: n/v,
mucositis, constipation, diarrheahair loss
◍ primary goal of chemo.
Answer: cure - eliminate all measureable diseasecontrol - prolong survival
but doesn't eliminatepalliation - relief of s/s when not possible to achieve
cure
◍ chemo plan.
Answer: tumor cell kinetics, resistance, pharmacokinetics &
pharmacodynamics
◍ oncogenes - tumor cell kinetics.
Answer: affect different parts of signaling pathways/secretion of growth
factors or interfere w/ growth receptors causing tumor cells to grow
unchecked
◍ n-myc.
Answer: oncogene associated w/ neuroblastoma
◍ bcl-1.
Answer: oncogene associated w/ breast, head, neck cancers
◍ tumor suppressor genes.
Answer: keep cell growth wdl. however if damaged/missing, tumor cells can
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◍ bone marrow metastases.
Answer: solid tumor origin
◍ important initial dx tests.
Answer: cbcd, baseline bone marrow function, lp, bma
◍ biopsy.
Answer: fine needle aspiration typically done in the pelvic bone
◍ truecut.
Answer: larger biopsy tissue specimens
◍ open procedure.
Answer: removal of larger sections of tumor or lymph nodes
◍ "second look".
Answer: multiple biopsies, inspect tumor bed to evaluate the extent of
residual disease
◍ resection.
Answer: removal of tumor as much as possible so no tumor of mrd is left.
based on surgeons evaluation, ct, mri, pet scan
◍ debridement.
Answer: removal of necrotic tissue
◍ palliative surgery.
Answer: relieve pain, bleeding, other symptoms w/o achieving cure
◍ hyperdiploid.
, Answer: lead to more positive prognosis. more chromosome
◍ hypodiploid.
Answer: decrease outcome. more negative prognosis
◍ tumor marker.
Answer: product of cell that serves useful indication of origin. ie afp or
n-myc
◍ neutrophil.
Answer: fight bacterial infections. include segmented or bands
◍ lymphocyte.
Answer: protein markers that secrete antibodies, help id & destroy foreign
proteins
◍ monocyte.
Answer: phagocytic. involved in early inflammatory response
◍ eosinophils.
Answer: respond to allergic / anaphylactic / parasitic rx/infections
◍ basophils.
Answer: release histamine in extravascular sites where injury has occurred
◍ histamine.
Answer: allows migration of other wbcs to injury site by increasing vessel
permeability
◍ tumor suppressor gene.
Answer: suppress cell growth & participate in neoplastic transformation
when inactivated/deleted. typically keep cell growth wnl, if damaged, cells
grow out of control
◍ tnm system.
Answer: tumor - primary sizelymph node involvement -
presence/absencedistant metasteses
◍ relief of mechanical obstruction.
, Answer: placement/repair of implanted devices ie. shunts, central lines, or
decompression of obstructed organs/structures
◍ chemotherapy.
Answer: drug therapy aimed at reducing tumor volume by cytotoxic effects
& pvt division & spread. kill rapidly dividing cells in different parts of cycle
◍ indications for surgery in peds pt.
Answer: dx biopsy to confirm dxstaging / 2nd look proceduredebulk /
resectioncomplete resectiondebridementrelieve mechanical
obstructionpalliative / supportive care
◍ common side effects of chemo.
Answer: bone marrow: anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopeniagi: n/v,
mucositis, constipation, diarrheahair loss
◍ primary goal of chemo.
Answer: cure - eliminate all measureable diseasecontrol - prolong survival
but doesn't eliminatepalliation - relief of s/s when not possible to achieve
cure
◍ chemo plan.
Answer: tumor cell kinetics, resistance, pharmacokinetics &
pharmacodynamics
◍ oncogenes - tumor cell kinetics.
Answer: affect different parts of signaling pathways/secretion of growth
factors or interfere w/ growth receptors causing tumor cells to grow
unchecked
◍ n-myc.
Answer: oncogene associated w/ neuroblastoma
◍ bcl-1.
Answer: oncogene associated w/ breast, head, neck cancers
◍ tumor suppressor genes.
Answer: keep cell growth wdl. however if damaged/missing, tumor cells can
