APHY 102 ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY II COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
◉ Atrioventricular (AV) valves. Answer: tricuspid (right) and
bicuspid/mitral (left)
◉ semilunar valves. Answer: pulmonary (right ventricle to lungs)
aortic (left ventricle to body)
◉ chordae tendineae - structure and function. Answer: tendon-like cords
(heart strings) connecting AV valves to papillary
muscles; prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.
◉ pericardium membrane structure. Answer: Outermost covering of the
heart
includes a serous layer (with visceral and parietal layers) and fibrous
pericardium
◉ cardiac cycle includes. Answer: atrial systole, ventricular systole, and
complete diastole
◉ When the atria contracts. Answer: ventricles relax and vice versa
, ◉ "Lub"/S1 Sound. Answer: AV valves closing (start of systole)
◉ "Dup"/S2 sound. Answer: semilunar valves close (start of diastole)
◉ semilunar valves open due to. Answer: increased ventricular pressure
exceeding the pressure in arteries
◉ SA node (pacemaker). Answer: initiates heartbeat
◉ AV node. Answer: delays impulse
◉ AV bundle (bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers do what?. Answer:
spread signal through ventricles
◉ functional syncytium. Answer: cardiac muscle cells contract as a unit
◉ P wave. Answer: atrial depolarization
◉ QRS complex. Answer: ventricular depolarization
◉ T wave. Answer: ventricular repolarization
◉ Artieries. Answer: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
PHYSIOLOGY II COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
◉ Atrioventricular (AV) valves. Answer: tricuspid (right) and
bicuspid/mitral (left)
◉ semilunar valves. Answer: pulmonary (right ventricle to lungs)
aortic (left ventricle to body)
◉ chordae tendineae - structure and function. Answer: tendon-like cords
(heart strings) connecting AV valves to papillary
muscles; prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.
◉ pericardium membrane structure. Answer: Outermost covering of the
heart
includes a serous layer (with visceral and parietal layers) and fibrous
pericardium
◉ cardiac cycle includes. Answer: atrial systole, ventricular systole, and
complete diastole
◉ When the atria contracts. Answer: ventricles relax and vice versa
, ◉ "Lub"/S1 Sound. Answer: AV valves closing (start of systole)
◉ "Dup"/S2 sound. Answer: semilunar valves close (start of diastole)
◉ semilunar valves open due to. Answer: increased ventricular pressure
exceeding the pressure in arteries
◉ SA node (pacemaker). Answer: initiates heartbeat
◉ AV node. Answer: delays impulse
◉ AV bundle (bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers do what?. Answer:
spread signal through ventricles
◉ functional syncytium. Answer: cardiac muscle cells contract as a unit
◉ P wave. Answer: atrial depolarization
◉ QRS complex. Answer: ventricular depolarization
◉ T wave. Answer: ventricular repolarization
◉ Artieries. Answer: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
