APHY 102 MIDTERM EXAM PREP 2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION
MANUAL
◉ Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system
Answer: SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and right bundle
branches - purkinje fibers
◉ Describe an EKG
Answer: A recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart
that the production and conduction of action potentials in the heart
produces.
◉ What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG?
Answer: At the P wave of the EKG, the atria are depolarizing.
At the QRS complex, the ventricles are depolarizing and the atria are
repolarizing.
At the T wave, the ventricles are repolarizing and there is a brief
refractory period between the T wave and the following P wave,
which allows the heart a small rest.
◉ Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial
systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole
,Answer: Atrial systole/ventricular diastole - atria are contracting
and ventricles are relaxed
Atrial diastole/ventricular systole - atria are relaxed and ventricles
are contracting
◉ How are the heart sounds made?
Answer: The first heart sound "lubb" occurs during ventricular
systole as a result of the A-V valves closing.
The second heart sound "dupp" occurs during ventricular diastole as
a result of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing.
◉ What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms?
Answer: Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia,
defibrillation, cardiac arrest, palpitations, Supraventricular
tachycardia (SVT), Ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular
fibrillation.
◉ pulmonary circulation
Answer: Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs,
oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide
◉ coronary circulation
Answer: circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
, ◉ systemic circulation
Answer: flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from
the heart back to body tissues
◉ What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure?
Answer: Cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and
blood viscosity.
As blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and
peripheral resistance increase, BP increases.
◉ How is cardiac output figured?
Answer: Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate, expressed in
bpm. (For example, if the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate
is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is 5,040 mL per minute.
◉ Where can pulse be found in the body?
Answer: The temple (temporal a.), neck (carotid a.), chin (facial a.),
inner elbow (brachial a.), wrist (radial a.), groin (femoral a.), back of
the knee (popliteal a.), front of the foot (dorsalis pedis a.), back of
the ankle (posterior tibial a.)
◉ At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body?
Answer: Veins
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION
MANUAL
◉ Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system
Answer: SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and right bundle
branches - purkinje fibers
◉ Describe an EKG
Answer: A recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart
that the production and conduction of action potentials in the heart
produces.
◉ What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG?
Answer: At the P wave of the EKG, the atria are depolarizing.
At the QRS complex, the ventricles are depolarizing and the atria are
repolarizing.
At the T wave, the ventricles are repolarizing and there is a brief
refractory period between the T wave and the following P wave,
which allows the heart a small rest.
◉ Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial
systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole
,Answer: Atrial systole/ventricular diastole - atria are contracting
and ventricles are relaxed
Atrial diastole/ventricular systole - atria are relaxed and ventricles
are contracting
◉ How are the heart sounds made?
Answer: The first heart sound "lubb" occurs during ventricular
systole as a result of the A-V valves closing.
The second heart sound "dupp" occurs during ventricular diastole as
a result of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing.
◉ What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms?
Answer: Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia,
defibrillation, cardiac arrest, palpitations, Supraventricular
tachycardia (SVT), Ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular
fibrillation.
◉ pulmonary circulation
Answer: Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs,
oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide
◉ coronary circulation
Answer: circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
, ◉ systemic circulation
Answer: flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from
the heart back to body tissues
◉ What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure?
Answer: Cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and
blood viscosity.
As blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and
peripheral resistance increase, BP increases.
◉ How is cardiac output figured?
Answer: Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate, expressed in
bpm. (For example, if the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate
is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is 5,040 mL per minute.
◉ Where can pulse be found in the body?
Answer: The temple (temporal a.), neck (carotid a.), chin (facial a.),
inner elbow (brachial a.), wrist (radial a.), groin (femoral a.), back of
the knee (popliteal a.), front of the foot (dorsalis pedis a.), back of
the ankle (posterior tibial a.)
◉ At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body?
Answer: Veins
