lOMoARcPSD|64026470
Introduction to Pediatric Nursing
Developmental Stages and
Theorists
Erikson's Stages of Psychological Development
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame or doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Industry versus inferiority
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor period
Preoperational thought
Concrete operation
Formal operation
Separation Anxiety
Which nursing intervention is appropriate to minimize separation
anxiety in a hospitalized toddler?
Encourage parents to room in.
A toddler experiences separation anxiety secondary to being
separated from the parents. To avoid this, the parents should be
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
encouraged to room in as much as possible. Being with people they
are familiar with will provide a sense of security.
A toddler does not need privacy and that will only exacerbate
feelings of isolation and loneliness. Toddlers are unable to
comprehend complex procedures and routines, and they are not
interested in other children of their age.
Nursing Considerations
Match the age to the expected developmental achievement.
Growth and development milestones:
12-month-old: says a few words (mama, dada)
2-year-old toddler: achieves 50% of adult height
5-year-old preschool: visual acuity approaching 20/20 (As with
many growth and development milestones, visual acuity may
still be developing for the 5-year-old, reaching optimal vision
by 6 years)
8-year-old school-age: enjoys collecting items
16-year-old adolescent: development of family conflicts
Health and Wellness: Pediatric
Stages
Life span development influences our overall health and well-being.
Nurses seek to understand how age, risk-behavior, and wellness
contribute to optimal health outcomes.
Click below to review age-related differences, health risks, health
promotion concepts, and how the nursing process is used across the
life span development continuum.
Infant (1 month to 1 year):
Physical Birth weight doubles by 5 months.
Height increases about 2.5 cm monthly during
the first 6 months and then about 1.2 cm
monthly until 1 year.
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Vision and hearing develop.
Some newborn reflexes disappear (grasping,
sucking, etc.).
By 4 months, an infant can hold their head up.
Learning to sit, stand and walk.
Develop in the sensorimotor period by Piaget.
Explore through senses and learn through trial
and error.
Shake, throw, and put things in their mouth.
Important milestone: Object permanence
Cognitive develops between 7-9 months (knowing things
still exist even if not seen).
Language develops from crying, cooing, and
laughing to imitating sounds, comprehending
the meaning of simple commands, and
repeating words.
Experience Erikson’s period of trust vs. mistrust
(learning to trust self and others through
caregiver interactions).
Begin to separate self from others.
Psychosocial By 8 months, differentiates strangers from
familiar people and close attachment to
caregiver occurs.
By 9 months, able to play simple games, such
as peekaboo.
Injury: motor vehicle, aspiration, suffocation,
falls and poisoning.
Health Risks Physical or emotional abuse or neglect.
Sexual abuse.
Health Quality and quantity of nutrition:
Promotion Breastfeeding is recommended for the
first year of life.
Iron-fortified commercially prepared infant
formula as an alternative.
No solid foods until 6 months.
After 6 months, cereals, fruits, vegetables
and meats can be introduced one new
messages.downloaded_by
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food at a time.
Ensure adequate iron and fluoride intake.
The total daily sleep time is 15 hours with 1-2
daytime naps.
Immunizations:
Influenza: age 6 months and older
annually
Hepatitis B (HepB): 3 dose series at birth,
1-2 months, and 6 to 18 months.
Rotavirus: 2-dose series at 2 and 4
months, or 3-dose series at 2, 4, and 6
months
Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular
pertussis (DTap): 4-dose series at 2, 4, 6,
15 months
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): 4-
dose series at 2, 4, 6, 12–15 months, or 3-
dose series at 2, 4, 12–15 months
Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13): 4-dose
series at 2, 4, 6, 12–15 months
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV): 3-dose series
at 2, 4, and 6-15 months
Assessment—opportunities for developing and
using senses, developmental delays, parents'
knowledge, abuse, and growth.
Intervention—use stimulation strategies to
optimize development and use of senses while
Nursing conserving energy during hospitalizations, limit
Process negative experiences, encourage parents to
provide care during hospitalization, limit the
number of caregivers, anticipatory parental
guidance (nutrition, back to sleep, car seat
safety, and immunizations).
Toddler (12 to 36 months)
Physical Grows about 3 inches in height and 4-6
pounds in weight each year. Height at 2 years
(24 months) is approximately 50% of their
messages.downloaded_by
Introduction to Pediatric Nursing
Developmental Stages and
Theorists
Erikson's Stages of Psychological Development
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame or doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Industry versus inferiority
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor period
Preoperational thought
Concrete operation
Formal operation
Separation Anxiety
Which nursing intervention is appropriate to minimize separation
anxiety in a hospitalized toddler?
Encourage parents to room in.
A toddler experiences separation anxiety secondary to being
separated from the parents. To avoid this, the parents should be
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
encouraged to room in as much as possible. Being with people they
are familiar with will provide a sense of security.
A toddler does not need privacy and that will only exacerbate
feelings of isolation and loneliness. Toddlers are unable to
comprehend complex procedures and routines, and they are not
interested in other children of their age.
Nursing Considerations
Match the age to the expected developmental achievement.
Growth and development milestones:
12-month-old: says a few words (mama, dada)
2-year-old toddler: achieves 50% of adult height
5-year-old preschool: visual acuity approaching 20/20 (As with
many growth and development milestones, visual acuity may
still be developing for the 5-year-old, reaching optimal vision
by 6 years)
8-year-old school-age: enjoys collecting items
16-year-old adolescent: development of family conflicts
Health and Wellness: Pediatric
Stages
Life span development influences our overall health and well-being.
Nurses seek to understand how age, risk-behavior, and wellness
contribute to optimal health outcomes.
Click below to review age-related differences, health risks, health
promotion concepts, and how the nursing process is used across the
life span development continuum.
Infant (1 month to 1 year):
Physical Birth weight doubles by 5 months.
Height increases about 2.5 cm monthly during
the first 6 months and then about 1.2 cm
monthly until 1 year.
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
Vision and hearing develop.
Some newborn reflexes disappear (grasping,
sucking, etc.).
By 4 months, an infant can hold their head up.
Learning to sit, stand and walk.
Develop in the sensorimotor period by Piaget.
Explore through senses and learn through trial
and error.
Shake, throw, and put things in their mouth.
Important milestone: Object permanence
Cognitive develops between 7-9 months (knowing things
still exist even if not seen).
Language develops from crying, cooing, and
laughing to imitating sounds, comprehending
the meaning of simple commands, and
repeating words.
Experience Erikson’s period of trust vs. mistrust
(learning to trust self and others through
caregiver interactions).
Begin to separate self from others.
Psychosocial By 8 months, differentiates strangers from
familiar people and close attachment to
caregiver occurs.
By 9 months, able to play simple games, such
as peekaboo.
Injury: motor vehicle, aspiration, suffocation,
falls and poisoning.
Health Risks Physical or emotional abuse or neglect.
Sexual abuse.
Health Quality and quantity of nutrition:
Promotion Breastfeeding is recommended for the
first year of life.
Iron-fortified commercially prepared infant
formula as an alternative.
No solid foods until 6 months.
After 6 months, cereals, fruits, vegetables
and meats can be introduced one new
messages.downloaded_by
, lOMoARcPSD|64026470
food at a time.
Ensure adequate iron and fluoride intake.
The total daily sleep time is 15 hours with 1-2
daytime naps.
Immunizations:
Influenza: age 6 months and older
annually
Hepatitis B (HepB): 3 dose series at birth,
1-2 months, and 6 to 18 months.
Rotavirus: 2-dose series at 2 and 4
months, or 3-dose series at 2, 4, and 6
months
Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular
pertussis (DTap): 4-dose series at 2, 4, 6,
15 months
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): 4-
dose series at 2, 4, 6, 12–15 months, or 3-
dose series at 2, 4, 12–15 months
Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13): 4-dose
series at 2, 4, 6, 12–15 months
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV): 3-dose series
at 2, 4, and 6-15 months
Assessment—opportunities for developing and
using senses, developmental delays, parents'
knowledge, abuse, and growth.
Intervention—use stimulation strategies to
optimize development and use of senses while
Nursing conserving energy during hospitalizations, limit
Process negative experiences, encourage parents to
provide care during hospitalization, limit the
number of caregivers, anticipatory parental
guidance (nutrition, back to sleep, car seat
safety, and immunizations).
Toddler (12 to 36 months)
Physical Grows about 3 inches in height and 4-6
pounds in weight each year. Height at 2 years
(24 months) is approximately 50% of their
messages.downloaded_by
