NUR 2058 Dimensions Study Guide Exam 2 Part 1
Nursing Now! Chapter 3:
1. Define Theory and Model
Theories and Models help explain and direct nursing actions.
A theory refers to a speculative statement involving some element of reality that
has not been proved. For example, a theory of relativity has never been proved,
although the results have often been observed. Theory is a mental viewing, a plan
or idea, and a formulation (statement) of a relationship that helps explain some
observable phenomenon
A model is a theoretical representation of something that exists in reality. The
purpose of a model is to explain a complex reality in a systematic and organized
manner. For example, a hospital organizational chart is a model that attempts to
demonstrate the interrelationships of the various levels of the hospitals
administration.
- A generalized hypothetical description often based on an analogy used to
explain something; A representation that helps explain the concept or object
it represents.
2. Why are theories important to nursing?
Theories are used to explain apparent relationships between observed behaviors
and their effects on the client’s health; The goal is to describe and explain a
particular nursing action to make a hypothesis, which predicts the effect on the
client’s outcome, such as improved health or recovery from an illness. For
example, action of turning an unresponsive client from side to side every 2 hours
should help to prevent skin breakdown and improve respiratory function.
3. What are the 4 key concepts that nursing theories define?
The four key concepts are client, health, environment, and nursing. The
concepts of nursing explain the function and role of nurses in their relationships
with clients that affects the client’s health.
4. Know the General Systems Theory (Open/Closed systems)
The General Systems Theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and
propositions that describe a system. It is a widely accepted method for
conceptualizing and understanding the world and what is in it derives from a
systems viewpoint. Generally understood as an organized unit with a set of
,components that interact and affect each other, a system acts as a whole because of
the interdependence of its part. When part of the system fails, it interrupts the
function of the whole system rather than affecting one part. Ex. Humans, plants,
cars, governments, health-care system, the profession of nursing.
- Open systems are those in which relatively free movement of information,
matter, and energy into an out of the system exists. In a completely open
system, there would be no restrictions on what moves in and out of the
system, thus making its boundaries difficult to identify. Often works under a
semipermeable nature regarding boundaries, which allows some things in
and keeps some things out. The control of input and output leads to a
dynamic equilibrium found in most well-functioning systems.
- Theoretically, a closed system prevents any movement into and out of the
system. In this case, the system would be totally static and unchanging.
Probably, no absolutely closed systems exist in the real world, although
some systems tend to be closed to outside elements.
5. Know the Orem Self-Care Model
The Dorothea E. Orem’s model of nursing is based on the belief that healthcare is
each individual’s own responsibility. The aim of this model is to help clients direct
and carry out activities that maintain or improve their health. The central element
of this model is the client, who is biologically, psychological, and social being with
the capacity for self-care.
Self-care is defined as the practice of activities that individuals initiate and
perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being.
Universal Health-Care – Includes elements used in everyday life that support and
encourage normal human growth, development, and functioning.
Health Deviation Self-Care – When the individual is unable to conduct one or
more of the six self-care activities. Individuals with diseases, injuries,
physiological or psychological stress.
Six Self-care activities:
- Air, water, and food
- Excretion and waste
- Activity and rest
- Solitude and social interactions
- Avoiding hazards to life and well-being
, - Being normal mentally under universal
Environment is seen as negative factor in this model, while health is defined as the
ability to live fully within a particular, biological, and social environment. Nursing
is the assistance in self-care activities to help the client achieve self-care
6. Know the King Model
The current widely accepted practice of establishing health-care goals for clients,
and directing client care to meet these goals, has its origins in the King Model of
Goal Attainment developed by Imogene M. King.
The King Model also notes that nursing must function in all 3 system levels found
in the environment: Personal, interactional, and social. Primary function of nursing
is at the personal systems level.
The focal point of King Model is the person or client. The client is viewed as a
person system with physical, emotional, and intellectual needs that change and
grow during the course of life.
Environment is an important concept in the Kings model, and personal systems,
such as client-nurse relationship.
Health is viewed as a dynamic process that involves a range of human life
experiences, health exists in people when they can achieve their highest level of
functioning.
The King Model considers nursing to be a dynamic process and a type of personal
system based on interactions between the nurse and the client. The process of
nursing in the King Model includes 5 key elements considered to be central to all
human interactions:
- Action: A sequence of behaviors involving mental and physical activities
- Reaction: The resulting behaviors produced by the process of action
- Interaction: The client and nurse communicating together to establish goals
- Transaction: A life situation in which perceivers and things perceived are
encountered and entered into as active participants
- Feedback: Change that occurs as a result of the interaction and transaction
process
7. Know the Watson Model of Human Caring
The Watson model of human caring defines caring in a detailed and systematic
manner. Used to balance impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the
Nursing Now! Chapter 3:
1. Define Theory and Model
Theories and Models help explain and direct nursing actions.
A theory refers to a speculative statement involving some element of reality that
has not been proved. For example, a theory of relativity has never been proved,
although the results have often been observed. Theory is a mental viewing, a plan
or idea, and a formulation (statement) of a relationship that helps explain some
observable phenomenon
A model is a theoretical representation of something that exists in reality. The
purpose of a model is to explain a complex reality in a systematic and organized
manner. For example, a hospital organizational chart is a model that attempts to
demonstrate the interrelationships of the various levels of the hospitals
administration.
- A generalized hypothetical description often based on an analogy used to
explain something; A representation that helps explain the concept or object
it represents.
2. Why are theories important to nursing?
Theories are used to explain apparent relationships between observed behaviors
and their effects on the client’s health; The goal is to describe and explain a
particular nursing action to make a hypothesis, which predicts the effect on the
client’s outcome, such as improved health or recovery from an illness. For
example, action of turning an unresponsive client from side to side every 2 hours
should help to prevent skin breakdown and improve respiratory function.
3. What are the 4 key concepts that nursing theories define?
The four key concepts are client, health, environment, and nursing. The
concepts of nursing explain the function and role of nurses in their relationships
with clients that affects the client’s health.
4. Know the General Systems Theory (Open/Closed systems)
The General Systems Theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and
propositions that describe a system. It is a widely accepted method for
conceptualizing and understanding the world and what is in it derives from a
systems viewpoint. Generally understood as an organized unit with a set of
,components that interact and affect each other, a system acts as a whole because of
the interdependence of its part. When part of the system fails, it interrupts the
function of the whole system rather than affecting one part. Ex. Humans, plants,
cars, governments, health-care system, the profession of nursing.
- Open systems are those in which relatively free movement of information,
matter, and energy into an out of the system exists. In a completely open
system, there would be no restrictions on what moves in and out of the
system, thus making its boundaries difficult to identify. Often works under a
semipermeable nature regarding boundaries, which allows some things in
and keeps some things out. The control of input and output leads to a
dynamic equilibrium found in most well-functioning systems.
- Theoretically, a closed system prevents any movement into and out of the
system. In this case, the system would be totally static and unchanging.
Probably, no absolutely closed systems exist in the real world, although
some systems tend to be closed to outside elements.
5. Know the Orem Self-Care Model
The Dorothea E. Orem’s model of nursing is based on the belief that healthcare is
each individual’s own responsibility. The aim of this model is to help clients direct
and carry out activities that maintain or improve their health. The central element
of this model is the client, who is biologically, psychological, and social being with
the capacity for self-care.
Self-care is defined as the practice of activities that individuals initiate and
perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being.
Universal Health-Care – Includes elements used in everyday life that support and
encourage normal human growth, development, and functioning.
Health Deviation Self-Care – When the individual is unable to conduct one or
more of the six self-care activities. Individuals with diseases, injuries,
physiological or psychological stress.
Six Self-care activities:
- Air, water, and food
- Excretion and waste
- Activity and rest
- Solitude and social interactions
- Avoiding hazards to life and well-being
, - Being normal mentally under universal
Environment is seen as negative factor in this model, while health is defined as the
ability to live fully within a particular, biological, and social environment. Nursing
is the assistance in self-care activities to help the client achieve self-care
6. Know the King Model
The current widely accepted practice of establishing health-care goals for clients,
and directing client care to meet these goals, has its origins in the King Model of
Goal Attainment developed by Imogene M. King.
The King Model also notes that nursing must function in all 3 system levels found
in the environment: Personal, interactional, and social. Primary function of nursing
is at the personal systems level.
The focal point of King Model is the person or client. The client is viewed as a
person system with physical, emotional, and intellectual needs that change and
grow during the course of life.
Environment is an important concept in the Kings model, and personal systems,
such as client-nurse relationship.
Health is viewed as a dynamic process that involves a range of human life
experiences, health exists in people when they can achieve their highest level of
functioning.
The King Model considers nursing to be a dynamic process and a type of personal
system based on interactions between the nurse and the client. The process of
nursing in the King Model includes 5 key elements considered to be central to all
human interactions:
- Action: A sequence of behaviors involving mental and physical activities
- Reaction: The resulting behaviors produced by the process of action
- Interaction: The client and nurse communicating together to establish goals
- Transaction: A life situation in which perceivers and things perceived are
encountered and entered into as active participants
- Feedback: Change that occurs as a result of the interaction and transaction
process
7. Know the Watson Model of Human Caring
The Watson model of human caring defines caring in a detailed and systematic
manner. Used to balance impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the
