GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● Prostaglandins. Answer: Protect the gastric mucosa and reduce risk of
gastric ulcers. Example: Misoprostol (Cytotec). Avoid in pregnancy.
● Morbid obesity. Answer: 100% above ideal body weight; increases
workload on heart, lungs, joints.
● Lubricant laxatives. Answer: Increase water content, oily stool.
Example: Mineral oil. Caution: aspiration risk.
● Diarrhea. Answer: ↑ frequency and liquidity; a symptom.
● Hemorrhoids. Answer: Dilated veins; may lead to anal fissures.
● Opioid antidiarrheals. Answer: ↓ GI motility and peristalsis.
Examples: Imodium, Lomotil.
● Cannabinoids. Answer: Manufactured marijuana; used only when
other therapies fail.
, ● Antispasmodics. Answer: ↓ GI smooth muscle spasms. Example:
Dicyclomine (Bentyl).
● H2 blockers. Answer: ↓ acid by blocking histamine H2 receptors.
Give 30 min before meals.
● Constipation causes. Answer: Low fiber, low fluids, inactivity. Drug
cause: opioids.
● GI meds. Answer: Alter muscle tone, replace enzymes, alter transit
time.
● Antihistamines. Answer: For motion sickness. Examples: Dramamine,
Bonine.
● GERD. Answer: Due to loose lower esophageal sphincter. Antacids
neutralize gastric acid.
● Thrush. Answer: Oral candidiasis; treat with Nystatin (swish).
● Digestants. Answer: For pancreatic insufficiency. Lactose intolerance:
Lactase. CF: Pancrelipase.
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
● Prostaglandins. Answer: Protect the gastric mucosa and reduce risk of
gastric ulcers. Example: Misoprostol (Cytotec). Avoid in pregnancy.
● Morbid obesity. Answer: 100% above ideal body weight; increases
workload on heart, lungs, joints.
● Lubricant laxatives. Answer: Increase water content, oily stool.
Example: Mineral oil. Caution: aspiration risk.
● Diarrhea. Answer: ↑ frequency and liquidity; a symptom.
● Hemorrhoids. Answer: Dilated veins; may lead to anal fissures.
● Opioid antidiarrheals. Answer: ↓ GI motility and peristalsis.
Examples: Imodium, Lomotil.
● Cannabinoids. Answer: Manufactured marijuana; used only when
other therapies fail.
, ● Antispasmodics. Answer: ↓ GI smooth muscle spasms. Example:
Dicyclomine (Bentyl).
● H2 blockers. Answer: ↓ acid by blocking histamine H2 receptors.
Give 30 min before meals.
● Constipation causes. Answer: Low fiber, low fluids, inactivity. Drug
cause: opioids.
● GI meds. Answer: Alter muscle tone, replace enzymes, alter transit
time.
● Antihistamines. Answer: For motion sickness. Examples: Dramamine,
Bonine.
● GERD. Answer: Due to loose lower esophageal sphincter. Antacids
neutralize gastric acid.
● Thrush. Answer: Oral candidiasis; treat with Nystatin (swish).
● Digestants. Answer: For pancreatic insufficiency. Lactose intolerance:
Lactase. CF: Pancrelipase.
