GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
PREPARATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● What are the main functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
Answer: Intake of food and fluid, absorption of nutrients and fluid,
excretion of waste products.
● What are the basic structures of the GI tract? Answer: Mouth, teeth,
tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small
intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, colon, rectum, anus.
● What characterizes the GI system of ruminant animals? Answer:
Three forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, omasum) and a true stomach
(abomasum).
● What is peristalsis? Answer: A wave of contractions that propels
contents along the digestive tract.
● What is segmentation in the GI system? Answer: A periodic pattern of
intestinal constrictions that mixes and churns contents.
, ● What are the three basic control systems regulating GI activity?
Answer: Autonomic nervous system (ANS), intrinsic receptors
(myenteric plexus), and gastrointestinal hormones.
● What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in GI regulation?
Answer: Parasympathetic stimulation increases motility and secretions;
sympathetic stimulation decreases them.
● What is emesis? Answer: Forceful ejection of the contents of the
stomach and sometimes the proximal small intestine.
● What neurotransmitters are involved in the vomiting reflex? Answer:
Histamine (H1), dopaminergic (D2), serotonergic (5-HT3), neurokinin
(NK), acetylcholine (muscarinic, M1), substance P.
● What are emetics? Answer: Drugs that induce vomiting, effective
only if administered within 2 to 4 hours of toxic ingestion.
● What is a centrally acting emetic used in dogs? Answer:
Apomorphine, a morphine derivative that stimulates dopamine receptors
in the CRTZ.
● What are antiemetics? Answer: Drugs used to prevent or control
vomiting by blocking receptors in the CRTZ and emetic center.
PREPARATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
● What are the main functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
Answer: Intake of food and fluid, absorption of nutrients and fluid,
excretion of waste products.
● What are the basic structures of the GI tract? Answer: Mouth, teeth,
tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small
intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, colon, rectum, anus.
● What characterizes the GI system of ruminant animals? Answer:
Three forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, omasum) and a true stomach
(abomasum).
● What is peristalsis? Answer: A wave of contractions that propels
contents along the digestive tract.
● What is segmentation in the GI system? Answer: A periodic pattern of
intestinal constrictions that mixes and churns contents.
, ● What are the three basic control systems regulating GI activity?
Answer: Autonomic nervous system (ANS), intrinsic receptors
(myenteric plexus), and gastrointestinal hormones.
● What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in GI regulation?
Answer: Parasympathetic stimulation increases motility and secretions;
sympathetic stimulation decreases them.
● What is emesis? Answer: Forceful ejection of the contents of the
stomach and sometimes the proximal small intestine.
● What neurotransmitters are involved in the vomiting reflex? Answer:
Histamine (H1), dopaminergic (D2), serotonergic (5-HT3), neurokinin
(NK), acetylcholine (muscarinic, M1), substance P.
● What are emetics? Answer: Drugs that induce vomiting, effective
only if administered within 2 to 4 hours of toxic ingestion.
● What is a centrally acting emetic used in dogs? Answer:
Apomorphine, a morphine derivative that stimulates dopamine receptors
in the CRTZ.
● What are antiemetics? Answer: Drugs used to prevent or control
vomiting by blocking receptors in the CRTZ and emetic center.
