NUR 101 Final Exam Review: Key Concepts
in Nursing and Healthcare
CHAPTER 1
● Animism: attempted to explain the cause of mysterious body changes in bodily function.
Believed that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed with
power.
○ Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.
● Healthcare provider was the men's medicine man who treated disease and the nurse was
the mother who cared for her family.
● As ancient Greek civilization grew, temples became centers of medicine care.
○ Believed that illness was caused by sin and the gods’ displeasures.
● Nurses cared for sick people in the home and the community and also practiced as
nurse-midwives.
● Both female and male nursing was founded during the crusades.
● Women who were convicted of crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving
jail sentences.
● Nursing as we know now began based of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale
○ Identifying the personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse.
○ Established standard for hospital management
○ Established a respected occupation for women
○ Established nursing education
○ Component of nursing: Health and illness.
● Clara barton: Founder of the American Red Cross in 1882, served in the civil war.
● Mary Mahoney American’s first African American nurse graduate.
● Isabel Hampton Robb: Nursing leader in nursing and nursing education.
,● Dorethea Dix: advocate for the humane treatment of the mentally ill and wrote self
care theory.
● After WWII the nursing profession was upgraded. Nurses were now developed in
university and college settings, leading to degrees in nursing for men, women and
minorities.
● Nursing: describes the nurse as a person who nourishes, fosters,protects and who is
prepared to take care of sick, injured, older and dying people.
● American Nurses Association (ANA): Code of ethics, American nurse today and The
american nurse.
● National League for nurses(NLN): Open to everyone interested in nursing.
● American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN):Focus on quality educational
standards, influencing the nursing profession to improve health care.
● American Academy of Nursing (AAN): Advancing health policy and practice through the
generation, synthesis, and dissemination of nursing knowledge.
● National Student Nurses Association ( NSNA): For nursing students
● Standards: Allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse,
, the patient and the institution.
● Nurse practice Act: Laws established in each state in the USA to regulate the practice of
nursing.
● Reciprocity: Allows a nurse to apply for and be endorsed as an RN by another state.
● Nursing process: Assessing, Diagnosing, Planning, Implementing, and evaluating.
● Healthy Nurse: One who actively focuses on creating and maintaining a balance and
synergy of physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, personal and
professional well-being.
● Compassion fatigue: Loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care.
● Burnout: Cumulative state of frustration with the work environment that develops over a
long time
● Secondary traumatic stress: Feeling of despair caused by the transfer of emotional distress
from a victim to a caregiver.
● Mindfulness: promotes healing as you pause and focus on the present and listen.
CHAPTER 2
● Traditional knowledge: Passed down from generation to generation.
● Authoritative Knowledge: Comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the
person’s perceived expertise.
● Scientific Knowledge: Obtained from a scientific method.
● Theory: Composed of a group of concepts that describes a pattern of reality.
● Concepts: Such as ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols or reality.
Describes objects, properties, and events.
● Conceptual framework or model: Group of concepts that follow an understandable pattern.
● Deductive reasoning: Examines a general idea and then considers specific action or idea.
● Inductive reasoning: Builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas.
● Nursing theory: To describe nursing; serves the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting,
and controlling desired outcomes.
○ Concepts: the person, the environment, health and nursing.
● General system theory: How to break things whole things into parts and then learn how the
parts work together in “system”
● Adaptation Theory: Defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things
and to environmental conditions.
● Developmental Theory: Outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly
and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
● Research: Examine carefully or to search again.
● Data: Systematic manner, to describe, explain and predict events.
● Nursing research: Encompasses research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as
well as the broader study of people and the nursing professions.
● Scholarly Inquiry: to expand the body of knowledge that forms and advances the theory and
, practice of the discipline in all its spheres.
● Quantitative Research: Concepts of basic and applied research.
○ Variable: Varies and has different values
○ Dependent Variable: Variable being studied, result of the study
○ Independent variable: Cause or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine
the effects on the dependent variable.
○ Hypothesis: Relationships between the independent and dependent variables that the
research expects to find.
○ Data: Information the researcher collects from subjects in the study (numbers)
○ Instruments: Devices used to collect and record the data.
● Types of quantitative:
○ Descriptive: To explore and describe events in real-life
○ Correlational: To examine the type and degree of relationship between two or
more variables.
○ Quasi-experimental: To examine cause-and-effect between selected variables;
conducted in clinical settings
○ Experimental: To examine cause-and-effect between selected variables under
highly controlled conditions.
● Basic research:To generate and refine theory.
● Applied research: to directly influence or improve clinical practices.
● Qualitative research: Methods of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings.
○ Phenomenology: to describe experiences as they lived by the subject being studied.
○ Grounded theory: discovery on how people describe their own reality and how their
beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene.
○ Ethnography: To examine issues of a culture that are of interest to n nursing.
○ Historical: Examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession
today.
● Research Utilization: A process of transforming research knowledge into practice.
● Evidence-based practice: A problem solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best
evidence available.
● PICOT
○ P: Patient, population or problem of interest
○ I: Intervention of interest
○ C: Comparison of interest
○ O: Outcome of interest
○ T: Time
● Systematic reviews: summarize findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice
question or topic and recommended practices changes and future directions for research.
● Evidence-based practice guideline: Synthesize information from multiple studies and recommend
in Nursing and Healthcare
CHAPTER 1
● Animism: attempted to explain the cause of mysterious body changes in bodily function.
Believed that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed with
power.
○ Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.
● Healthcare provider was the men's medicine man who treated disease and the nurse was
the mother who cared for her family.
● As ancient Greek civilization grew, temples became centers of medicine care.
○ Believed that illness was caused by sin and the gods’ displeasures.
● Nurses cared for sick people in the home and the community and also practiced as
nurse-midwives.
● Both female and male nursing was founded during the crusades.
● Women who were convicted of crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving
jail sentences.
● Nursing as we know now began based of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale
○ Identifying the personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse.
○ Established standard for hospital management
○ Established a respected occupation for women
○ Established nursing education
○ Component of nursing: Health and illness.
● Clara barton: Founder of the American Red Cross in 1882, served in the civil war.
● Mary Mahoney American’s first African American nurse graduate.
● Isabel Hampton Robb: Nursing leader in nursing and nursing education.
,● Dorethea Dix: advocate for the humane treatment of the mentally ill and wrote self
care theory.
● After WWII the nursing profession was upgraded. Nurses were now developed in
university and college settings, leading to degrees in nursing for men, women and
minorities.
● Nursing: describes the nurse as a person who nourishes, fosters,protects and who is
prepared to take care of sick, injured, older and dying people.
● American Nurses Association (ANA): Code of ethics, American nurse today and The
american nurse.
● National League for nurses(NLN): Open to everyone interested in nursing.
● American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN):Focus on quality educational
standards, influencing the nursing profession to improve health care.
● American Academy of Nursing (AAN): Advancing health policy and practice through the
generation, synthesis, and dissemination of nursing knowledge.
● National Student Nurses Association ( NSNA): For nursing students
● Standards: Allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse,
, the patient and the institution.
● Nurse practice Act: Laws established in each state in the USA to regulate the practice of
nursing.
● Reciprocity: Allows a nurse to apply for and be endorsed as an RN by another state.
● Nursing process: Assessing, Diagnosing, Planning, Implementing, and evaluating.
● Healthy Nurse: One who actively focuses on creating and maintaining a balance and
synergy of physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, personal and
professional well-being.
● Compassion fatigue: Loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care.
● Burnout: Cumulative state of frustration with the work environment that develops over a
long time
● Secondary traumatic stress: Feeling of despair caused by the transfer of emotional distress
from a victim to a caregiver.
● Mindfulness: promotes healing as you pause and focus on the present and listen.
CHAPTER 2
● Traditional knowledge: Passed down from generation to generation.
● Authoritative Knowledge: Comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the
person’s perceived expertise.
● Scientific Knowledge: Obtained from a scientific method.
● Theory: Composed of a group of concepts that describes a pattern of reality.
● Concepts: Such as ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols or reality.
Describes objects, properties, and events.
● Conceptual framework or model: Group of concepts that follow an understandable pattern.
● Deductive reasoning: Examines a general idea and then considers specific action or idea.
● Inductive reasoning: Builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas.
● Nursing theory: To describe nursing; serves the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting,
and controlling desired outcomes.
○ Concepts: the person, the environment, health and nursing.
● General system theory: How to break things whole things into parts and then learn how the
parts work together in “system”
● Adaptation Theory: Defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things
and to environmental conditions.
● Developmental Theory: Outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly
and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
● Research: Examine carefully or to search again.
● Data: Systematic manner, to describe, explain and predict events.
● Nursing research: Encompasses research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as
well as the broader study of people and the nursing professions.
● Scholarly Inquiry: to expand the body of knowledge that forms and advances the theory and
, practice of the discipline in all its spheres.
● Quantitative Research: Concepts of basic and applied research.
○ Variable: Varies and has different values
○ Dependent Variable: Variable being studied, result of the study
○ Independent variable: Cause or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine
the effects on the dependent variable.
○ Hypothesis: Relationships between the independent and dependent variables that the
research expects to find.
○ Data: Information the researcher collects from subjects in the study (numbers)
○ Instruments: Devices used to collect and record the data.
● Types of quantitative:
○ Descriptive: To explore and describe events in real-life
○ Correlational: To examine the type and degree of relationship between two or
more variables.
○ Quasi-experimental: To examine cause-and-effect between selected variables;
conducted in clinical settings
○ Experimental: To examine cause-and-effect between selected variables under
highly controlled conditions.
● Basic research:To generate and refine theory.
● Applied research: to directly influence or improve clinical practices.
● Qualitative research: Methods of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings.
○ Phenomenology: to describe experiences as they lived by the subject being studied.
○ Grounded theory: discovery on how people describe their own reality and how their
beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene.
○ Ethnography: To examine issues of a culture that are of interest to n nursing.
○ Historical: Examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession
today.
● Research Utilization: A process of transforming research knowledge into practice.
● Evidence-based practice: A problem solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best
evidence available.
● PICOT
○ P: Patient, population or problem of interest
○ I: Intervention of interest
○ C: Comparison of interest
○ O: Outcome of interest
○ T: Time
● Systematic reviews: summarize findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice
question or topic and recommended practices changes and future directions for research.
● Evidence-based practice guideline: Synthesize information from multiple studies and recommend
