NSG 550 QUIZ 2 REVIEW, PULMONARY, CV, GI Study
Guide answers with Complete Solution | New 2026/27 Update
Pulmonary
• Acid fast bacilli (AFB) testing-Microscopic test-used to diagnose active TB in patients
with abnormal CXR, positive TB screening test, chronic cough, fever, night sweats, or
unexplained weight loss
• Influenza testing-Obtained via nose or throat swabs. Positive for active infection by
when influenza A and B viral components are identified. They detect either antigens for
rapid results or genetic viral components (RNA/DNA more accurate)
• Over the counter COVID-19-Antigen tests (rapid tests), detect antigens from SARS-CoV2,
the virus that causes COVID-19. At-home COVID-19 antigen tests are less accurate than
molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and other nucleic acid
amplification tests (NAATs), which detect genetic material (RNA) from the virus
• Sputum culture-Microscopic test that analyzes phlegm to identify bacteria or fungi
causing lower respiratory infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis, or bronchitis) to
determine the specific pathogen, guide antibiotic selection and to monitor treatment
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-Blood test used to detect genetic COPD/emphysema
• Complete blood count-Blood test to evaluate for infection
• Lung scan (ventilation/perfusion scan or V/Q scan)-Nuclear medicine study used to
detect pulmonary embolism. It assesses the airflow (ventilation) and blood flow
(perfusion) in the lungs
• CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)-Used to diagnose pulmonary embolism
• CT scan of lungs-Used to detect-Nodules, masses, bronchiectasis Interstitial lung disease,
infections, lung cancer screening in smokers
• CXR-X-Ray study to assess heart lungs the lungs and surrounding structures patients with
SOB, cough or other respiratory symptoms to help detect pneumonia, COPD,
lung/thoracic masses, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, CHF, cardiomegaly, pericardial
effusion, aortic aneurysms, rib fractures, bone tumors, etc
*CXR can reveal structural changes associated with COPD but need spiromerty to diagnose
COPD. CXR can also find possible malignancies but need CT and/or PET scan and lung bx for
confirmation
, • Spirometry Test used to monitor decreasing lung function and assess airflow obstruction
test for in patients with COPD (and in patients with pulmonary fibrosis interstitial lung
disease, asbestosis, sarcoidosis)
Spirometry is diagnostic for COPD if post-bronchodilator FEV1 is <0.7
FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) The volume of air forcefully exhaled during the
very first second of a breath test. It is a primary indicator of how quickly airways can empty. FVC
(Forced Vital Capacity) The total volume of air exhaled forcefully after taking the deepest
breath possible. It reflects the lungs' total capacity to release air.
TLC (Total Lung Capacity) The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold at the peak of a full
inhalation. It is the sum of all air volumes in the lung.
RV (Residual Volume) The amount of air that remains in the lungs even after you exhale as
much as possible. You cannot voluntarily breathe this air out; it keeps the tiny air sacs (alveoli)
from collapsing
Measurement Obstructive (e.g., Asthma, COPD) Restrictive (e.g., Fibrosis, Obesity)
FEV1 Significantly decreased Decreased or normal
FVC Normal or slightly decreased Decreased
FEV1/FVC Ratio Low (Below 70%) Normal or high
TLC Normal or increased (Hyperinflation) Decreased
RV Increased (Air trapping) Decreased
•Alpha-1 antitrypsin-Blood test to assess for deficiency
• Polysomnography-Sleep study to assess for OSA and periodic limb movement disorder
• Arterial blood gas (ABG) Blood test drawn from an artery, usually the radial artery, to
assess respiratory and metabolic status ABG Key Components and Normal Values pH
7.35–7.45
Oxygen Partial Pressure (PaO2) 75–100 mmHg
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (PaCO2) 35–45 mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22–26 mEq/L
Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) 95–100%
Base Excess/Deficit -4 to +2 mEq/L
• Oximetry is a noninvasive test to monitor SaO2 A normal reading is ≥ 95%. It is used in
perioperative or procedures that require heavy sedation or patients with respiratory
symptoms
• Serum eosinophil count-Blood test to evaluate effectiveness of corticosteroids
• Patients with COPD may have hyperexpanded lungs and flattened diaphragm
Guide answers with Complete Solution | New 2026/27 Update
Pulmonary
• Acid fast bacilli (AFB) testing-Microscopic test-used to diagnose active TB in patients
with abnormal CXR, positive TB screening test, chronic cough, fever, night sweats, or
unexplained weight loss
• Influenza testing-Obtained via nose or throat swabs. Positive for active infection by
when influenza A and B viral components are identified. They detect either antigens for
rapid results or genetic viral components (RNA/DNA more accurate)
• Over the counter COVID-19-Antigen tests (rapid tests), detect antigens from SARS-CoV2,
the virus that causes COVID-19. At-home COVID-19 antigen tests are less accurate than
molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and other nucleic acid
amplification tests (NAATs), which detect genetic material (RNA) from the virus
• Sputum culture-Microscopic test that analyzes phlegm to identify bacteria or fungi
causing lower respiratory infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis, or bronchitis) to
determine the specific pathogen, guide antibiotic selection and to monitor treatment
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-Blood test used to detect genetic COPD/emphysema
• Complete blood count-Blood test to evaluate for infection
• Lung scan (ventilation/perfusion scan or V/Q scan)-Nuclear medicine study used to
detect pulmonary embolism. It assesses the airflow (ventilation) and blood flow
(perfusion) in the lungs
• CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)-Used to diagnose pulmonary embolism
• CT scan of lungs-Used to detect-Nodules, masses, bronchiectasis Interstitial lung disease,
infections, lung cancer screening in smokers
• CXR-X-Ray study to assess heart lungs the lungs and surrounding structures patients with
SOB, cough or other respiratory symptoms to help detect pneumonia, COPD,
lung/thoracic masses, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, CHF, cardiomegaly, pericardial
effusion, aortic aneurysms, rib fractures, bone tumors, etc
*CXR can reveal structural changes associated with COPD but need spiromerty to diagnose
COPD. CXR can also find possible malignancies but need CT and/or PET scan and lung bx for
confirmation
, • Spirometry Test used to monitor decreasing lung function and assess airflow obstruction
test for in patients with COPD (and in patients with pulmonary fibrosis interstitial lung
disease, asbestosis, sarcoidosis)
Spirometry is diagnostic for COPD if post-bronchodilator FEV1 is <0.7
FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) The volume of air forcefully exhaled during the
very first second of a breath test. It is a primary indicator of how quickly airways can empty. FVC
(Forced Vital Capacity) The total volume of air exhaled forcefully after taking the deepest
breath possible. It reflects the lungs' total capacity to release air.
TLC (Total Lung Capacity) The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold at the peak of a full
inhalation. It is the sum of all air volumes in the lung.
RV (Residual Volume) The amount of air that remains in the lungs even after you exhale as
much as possible. You cannot voluntarily breathe this air out; it keeps the tiny air sacs (alveoli)
from collapsing
Measurement Obstructive (e.g., Asthma, COPD) Restrictive (e.g., Fibrosis, Obesity)
FEV1 Significantly decreased Decreased or normal
FVC Normal or slightly decreased Decreased
FEV1/FVC Ratio Low (Below 70%) Normal or high
TLC Normal or increased (Hyperinflation) Decreased
RV Increased (Air trapping) Decreased
•Alpha-1 antitrypsin-Blood test to assess for deficiency
• Polysomnography-Sleep study to assess for OSA and periodic limb movement disorder
• Arterial blood gas (ABG) Blood test drawn from an artery, usually the radial artery, to
assess respiratory and metabolic status ABG Key Components and Normal Values pH
7.35–7.45
Oxygen Partial Pressure (PaO2) 75–100 mmHg
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (PaCO2) 35–45 mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 22–26 mEq/L
Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) 95–100%
Base Excess/Deficit -4 to +2 mEq/L
• Oximetry is a noninvasive test to monitor SaO2 A normal reading is ≥ 95%. It is used in
perioperative or procedures that require heavy sedation or patients with respiratory
symptoms
• Serum eosinophil count-Blood test to evaluate effectiveness of corticosteroids
• Patients with COPD may have hyperexpanded lungs and flattened diaphragm
