HSC 4555 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 4 interrelated topics of pathophysiology
Answer: Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment
implications
◉ Etiology definition
Answer: study of cause/reasons for phenomena
identifies causal factors
ex: idiopathic (unknown) and iatrogenic (caused by unintended or
unwanted medical treatment)
◉ Etiologic Classifications (12)
Answer: Congenital
Degenerative
Iatrogenic
Idiopathic
Immunologic
Infectious
Inherited
,Metabolic
Neoplastic
Nutritional Deficiencies
Physical agent-induced
Psychogenic
◉ Pathogenesis definition
Answer: Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus
to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease
◉ Clinical Manifestations
Answer: Signs and symptoms
◉ Syndrome
Answer: A set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to
delineate a disease
◉ Latent period
Answer: time between exposure and first appearance of signs and
symptoms
◉ Prodromal period
, Answer: time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear or
disease onset occurs
◉ Subclinical stage
Answer: patient functions normally though disease processes are
well established
◉ Acute clinical course
Answer: short-lived; may be severe in manifestations
◉ Chronic clinical course
Answer: may last months to years, sometimes follows acute
◉ Exacerbation
Answer: increase in severity, signs and symptoms
◉ Remission
Answer: decrease in severity, signs and symptoms; may indicate
disease is cured
◉ Convalescence
Answer: Stage of recovery after disease, injury or surgical procedure
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 4 interrelated topics of pathophysiology
Answer: Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment
implications
◉ Etiology definition
Answer: study of cause/reasons for phenomena
identifies causal factors
ex: idiopathic (unknown) and iatrogenic (caused by unintended or
unwanted medical treatment)
◉ Etiologic Classifications (12)
Answer: Congenital
Degenerative
Iatrogenic
Idiopathic
Immunologic
Infectious
Inherited
,Metabolic
Neoplastic
Nutritional Deficiencies
Physical agent-induced
Psychogenic
◉ Pathogenesis definition
Answer: Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus
to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease
◉ Clinical Manifestations
Answer: Signs and symptoms
◉ Syndrome
Answer: A set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to
delineate a disease
◉ Latent period
Answer: time between exposure and first appearance of signs and
symptoms
◉ Prodromal period
, Answer: time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear or
disease onset occurs
◉ Subclinical stage
Answer: patient functions normally though disease processes are
well established
◉ Acute clinical course
Answer: short-lived; may be severe in manifestations
◉ Chronic clinical course
Answer: may last months to years, sometimes follows acute
◉ Exacerbation
Answer: increase in severity, signs and symptoms
◉ Remission
Answer: decrease in severity, signs and symptoms; may indicate
disease is cured
◉ Convalescence
Answer: Stage of recovery after disease, injury or surgical procedure
