HSC 4555 EXAM SCRIPT FINAL PAPER FULL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
◉ Gangrene is cellular death in a large area of tissue usually due to
the interruption of blood supply to that particular zone. There is dry,
wet, and gas.
Answer: What is gangrene defined as, and what are the three types?
◉ No
Answer: Does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response?
◉ Ischemia is defined as the lack of blood supply, whereas hypoxia is
defined as the lack of oxygen.
Answer: What is ischemia, and hypoxic injury?
◉ The relationship between ischemia and hypoxia is most often that
they occur hand in hand. In other words, hypoxia is most often
caused by ischemia which causes power failure within the cell.
Answer: What is the relationship between ischemia and hypoxia?
◉ True
Answer: True or False: Restoration of oxygen can worsen cell injury
rather than reversing it.
,◉ Nutritional deficiencies may result from poor intake, altered
absorption, imparied distribution by circulatory system, and
inefficient cellular uptake.
Answer: Nutritional deficiencies may result from?
◉ The five causes of cellular injury are ischemia/hypoxic injury,
nutritional injury, infectious/immunologic injury, chemical injury,
physical/mechanical injury.
Answer: What are the five causes of cellular injury?
◉ Radiation causes genetic damage and acute cell destruction.
Answer: Radiation is an example of physical and mechanical injury
to a cell, what are the primary
effects it may have on a cell?
◉ Yes
Answer: Are the aging processes and disease processes different?
◉ It is a cumulative result of two factors that cause cellular and
molecular damage. It is a progressive decline in proliferation and
reparative capacity of cells, and exposure to environmental factors.
Answer: What is the cellular basis of aging?
, ◉ The free radical theory is that aging results from cumulative and
progressive damage to cell structures.
Answer: What is the free radical theory?
◉ The programmed senescence theory is aging is the result of an
intrinsic genetic program.
Answer: What is the programmed senescence theory?
◉ It is a total of 46 chromosomes, composed of 23 pairs from each
(mother and father).
Answer: The human DNA is organized into how many chromosomes,
composed of how many pairs?
◉ 22 are autosomal
Answer: How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomal?
◉ The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes (X and Y) which help
decide either male (XY) and female (XX)
Answer: Which pair of chromosome is defined as the sex
chromosome?
◉ Genetic disorders are divided into chromosomal abnormalities,
mendelian single-gene disorders, non-mendelian single-gene
disorder, and polygenic/multifactorial disorder.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
◉ Gangrene is cellular death in a large area of tissue usually due to
the interruption of blood supply to that particular zone. There is dry,
wet, and gas.
Answer: What is gangrene defined as, and what are the three types?
◉ No
Answer: Does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response?
◉ Ischemia is defined as the lack of blood supply, whereas hypoxia is
defined as the lack of oxygen.
Answer: What is ischemia, and hypoxic injury?
◉ The relationship between ischemia and hypoxia is most often that
they occur hand in hand. In other words, hypoxia is most often
caused by ischemia which causes power failure within the cell.
Answer: What is the relationship between ischemia and hypoxia?
◉ True
Answer: True or False: Restoration of oxygen can worsen cell injury
rather than reversing it.
,◉ Nutritional deficiencies may result from poor intake, altered
absorption, imparied distribution by circulatory system, and
inefficient cellular uptake.
Answer: Nutritional deficiencies may result from?
◉ The five causes of cellular injury are ischemia/hypoxic injury,
nutritional injury, infectious/immunologic injury, chemical injury,
physical/mechanical injury.
Answer: What are the five causes of cellular injury?
◉ Radiation causes genetic damage and acute cell destruction.
Answer: Radiation is an example of physical and mechanical injury
to a cell, what are the primary
effects it may have on a cell?
◉ Yes
Answer: Are the aging processes and disease processes different?
◉ It is a cumulative result of two factors that cause cellular and
molecular damage. It is a progressive decline in proliferation and
reparative capacity of cells, and exposure to environmental factors.
Answer: What is the cellular basis of aging?
, ◉ The free radical theory is that aging results from cumulative and
progressive damage to cell structures.
Answer: What is the free radical theory?
◉ The programmed senescence theory is aging is the result of an
intrinsic genetic program.
Answer: What is the programmed senescence theory?
◉ It is a total of 46 chromosomes, composed of 23 pairs from each
(mother and father).
Answer: The human DNA is organized into how many chromosomes,
composed of how many pairs?
◉ 22 are autosomal
Answer: How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomal?
◉ The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes (X and Y) which help
decide either male (XY) and female (XX)
Answer: Which pair of chromosome is defined as the sex
chromosome?
◉ Genetic disorders are divided into chromosomal abnormalities,
mendelian single-gene disorders, non-mendelian single-gene
disorder, and polygenic/multifactorial disorder.
