HSI YMCA BLS COMPREHENSIVE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE REVIEW SHEET
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● Axial Skeleton
Answer: Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs and Sternum
●● Appendicular Skeleton
Answer: Shoulder Girdle; bones of arms, wrists, hands, and pelvic
girdle; bones of legs, ankles, and feet
●● Joints
Answer: Junctions of bones
●● Fibrous Joint
Answer: Allows virtually no movement (Sutures of skull)
●● Cartilaginous Joint
Answer: Allows limited movement (intervetebral)
●● Synovial Joint
Answer: Allows considerable movement (elbows/knees)
,●● Uniaxial
Answer: Hinge, rotate around one axis (elbow)
●● Biaxial
Answer: Operate in two perpendicular planes (ankle/wrist)
●● Multiaxial
Answer: Allow movement in all three axes (shoulder/hip)
●● Vertebral Column
Answer: Cervical 7 (lordotic curve)
Thoracic 12 (Kyphotic curve)
Lumbar 5 (Lordotic)
Sacral 5 ( Kyphotic)
Coccygeal 3-5
Curves help to distribute forces
●● Muscle Tissue
Answer: Epimysium (outer layer)
Perimysium (surrounding group of fibers/fascicules)
,Endomysium (surrounding individual fibers)
●● Fascia
Answer: Delicate "cobwebby" tissue
●● Motor Unit
Answer: Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Typically several hundred muscle fibers in a single motor unit
●● Sarcolemma
Answer: The plasma membrane of a cell
●● Transverse Tubules
Answer: Connect to plasma membrane to interior
Action potentials travel through
Ensures AP excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time
●● Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)
Answer: Glycogen, myoglobin, mitochondrion
, ●● Myofibrils
Answer: Contractile organelles
Extend length of muscle fiber
●● Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Answer: Membranous sacs around each myofibril
Stores Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
●● Filaments
Answer: Function in the contractile process
Thick and thin filaments
2 thin for every 1 thick
●● Sarcomere
Answer: Compartments of arranged filaments
Basic functional unit of a myofibril
●● Troponin & Tropomyosin
Answer: Regulating proteins that cover binding sites
EMERGENCY RESPONSE REVIEW SHEET
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● Axial Skeleton
Answer: Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs and Sternum
●● Appendicular Skeleton
Answer: Shoulder Girdle; bones of arms, wrists, hands, and pelvic
girdle; bones of legs, ankles, and feet
●● Joints
Answer: Junctions of bones
●● Fibrous Joint
Answer: Allows virtually no movement (Sutures of skull)
●● Cartilaginous Joint
Answer: Allows limited movement (intervetebral)
●● Synovial Joint
Answer: Allows considerable movement (elbows/knees)
,●● Uniaxial
Answer: Hinge, rotate around one axis (elbow)
●● Biaxial
Answer: Operate in two perpendicular planes (ankle/wrist)
●● Multiaxial
Answer: Allow movement in all three axes (shoulder/hip)
●● Vertebral Column
Answer: Cervical 7 (lordotic curve)
Thoracic 12 (Kyphotic curve)
Lumbar 5 (Lordotic)
Sacral 5 ( Kyphotic)
Coccygeal 3-5
Curves help to distribute forces
●● Muscle Tissue
Answer: Epimysium (outer layer)
Perimysium (surrounding group of fibers/fascicules)
,Endomysium (surrounding individual fibers)
●● Fascia
Answer: Delicate "cobwebby" tissue
●● Motor Unit
Answer: Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Typically several hundred muscle fibers in a single motor unit
●● Sarcolemma
Answer: The plasma membrane of a cell
●● Transverse Tubules
Answer: Connect to plasma membrane to interior
Action potentials travel through
Ensures AP excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time
●● Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)
Answer: Glycogen, myoglobin, mitochondrion
, ●● Myofibrils
Answer: Contractile organelles
Extend length of muscle fiber
●● Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Answer: Membranous sacs around each myofibril
Stores Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Release of Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
●● Filaments
Answer: Function in the contractile process
Thick and thin filaments
2 thin for every 1 thick
●● Sarcomere
Answer: Compartments of arranged filaments
Basic functional unit of a myofibril
●● Troponin & Tropomyosin
Answer: Regulating proteins that cover binding sites
