DNA packaging
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1. Eukaryotic chromosomes are very large
2. Must be packaged, but condensed are unavailable for transcription
3.Unpacking must occur before transcription
4. Metaphase: fully condensed, tightly packaged loops.
a) 30nm
b) Histone pool
c) double helix
Enzymes
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, Biological catalysts.
They:
1. Speed up reactions
2. lower energy of activation
Metabloism
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. Transfers energy following
the laws of thermodynamics, primarily, the first 2 laws:
1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Rather, it is transferred
2. When reactions occur, they become more disordered. Entropy is the
variable that explains disorder.
6 characteristics of Homeotic genes
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1. Conserved genes
2. Master switches
3. Start gene cascades
4. Coordinate development of specific structures
5. Cell specific and timing specific expression
6. Similar effects in different organisms
ATP
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, Universal energy carrier; Energy-storing molecules in cells
1. Stores energy in phosphate bonds
2. Has 3 phosphates linked in a chain, and releases energy when the chain
is broken (when it loses a phosphate)
ATP (triphosphate)--->ADP(diphosphate)--->AMP(monophosphate)
Prokaryotic gene expression
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1. Bacteria directly exposed to environment
2. Respond to changes in nutrient availability
3. Make enzymes for nutrients when they are present, turn genes off when
they are not
Watson and Crick (1953)
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1. Determined the ED structure of DNA
2. Structure revealed its function
3. X-ray crystallographic studies
4. Ladder twisted into a spiral coil
5. Double helix
Krebs Cycle
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, 1. Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA, releasing CO2
2. Acetyl CoA enters the cycle
3. 2CO2, 3NADH, and 1 ATP made from each cycle
Mutations
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1. Changes in the DNA sequence
2. Causes changes in mRNA sequence, and in the resulting protein
3. Three main types:
a) substitution: changes in AA
b) insertion (frameshift)
c) deletion (frameshift)
LECTURE#11
The central dogma
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LECTURE#11
The central dogma
G-1
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
1. Eukaryotic chromosomes are very large
2. Must be packaged, but condensed are unavailable for transcription
3.Unpacking must occur before transcription
4. Metaphase: fully condensed, tightly packaged loops.
a) 30nm
b) Histone pool
c) double helix
Enzymes
Give this one a try later!
, Biological catalysts.
They:
1. Speed up reactions
2. lower energy of activation
Metabloism
Give this one a try later!
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. Transfers energy following
the laws of thermodynamics, primarily, the first 2 laws:
1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Rather, it is transferred
2. When reactions occur, they become more disordered. Entropy is the
variable that explains disorder.
6 characteristics of Homeotic genes
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1. Conserved genes
2. Master switches
3. Start gene cascades
4. Coordinate development of specific structures
5. Cell specific and timing specific expression
6. Similar effects in different organisms
ATP
Give this one a try later!
, Universal energy carrier; Energy-storing molecules in cells
1. Stores energy in phosphate bonds
2. Has 3 phosphates linked in a chain, and releases energy when the chain
is broken (when it loses a phosphate)
ATP (triphosphate)--->ADP(diphosphate)--->AMP(monophosphate)
Prokaryotic gene expression
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1. Bacteria directly exposed to environment
2. Respond to changes in nutrient availability
3. Make enzymes for nutrients when they are present, turn genes off when
they are not
Watson and Crick (1953)
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1. Determined the ED structure of DNA
2. Structure revealed its function
3. X-ray crystallographic studies
4. Ladder twisted into a spiral coil
5. Double helix
Krebs Cycle
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, 1. Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA, releasing CO2
2. Acetyl CoA enters the cycle
3. 2CO2, 3NADH, and 1 ATP made from each cycle
Mutations
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1. Changes in the DNA sequence
2. Causes changes in mRNA sequence, and in the resulting protein
3. Three main types:
a) substitution: changes in AA
b) insertion (frameshift)
c) deletion (frameshift)
LECTURE#11
The central dogma
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LECTURE#11
The central dogma
G-1
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