NU 545 Test 2-QUESTIONS WITH ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
1. What is metabolic absorption?
Metabolic absorption is the process by which cells take in nutrients, water, ions, and other
substances from their environment to fuel metabolism, produce energy, and maintain cellular
structures.
This process is essential for sustaining cell function and responding to environmental changes.
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?
Peroxisomes use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates, generating
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct.
Enzymes like catalase then break down H2O2 to prevent damage.
Peroxisomes are crucial for detoxification, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve cell myelination.
3. During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Lysosomes release enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and nucleases during cell injury.
These enzymes digest cellular components, leading to autodigestion (autolysis) and contributing
to cell death if the damage persists.
4. Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
,Genetic information is stored in the nucleus, which houses DNA and histones that regulate gene
activity.
A small amount of DNA is also found in mitochondria, essential for mitochondrial function and
energy production.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? Cell membranes consist of:
Phospholipids (forming a bilayer).
Proteins (receptors, transport channels, enzymes).
Cholesterol (stabilizing membrane fluidity).
Carbohydrates (glycolipids, glycoproteins) for signaling and protection.
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
Potassium channels in the cell membrane allow potassium ions to move in and out of cells along
their concentration gradient, maintaining resting membrane potential and supporting cellular
functions like nerve impulse transmission.
7. How is the cell protected from injury?
Cells are protected by:
Plasma membrane: Barrier against harmful substances.
, Glycocalyx: Cushions and protects against damage.
Cytoskeleton: Maintains structure and absorbs mechanical stress.
Antioxidants: Neutralize free radicals.
Repair mechanisms: Fix DNA and maintain membrane integrity.
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with erythrocytes?
In cirrhosis, abnormal cholesterol metabolism alters erythrocyte membranes, reducing their
flexibility and increasing fragility.
This leads to hemolysis, target cell formation, and anemia.
9. What is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
PDGF is a signaling protein that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and repair.
It plays a key role in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis (formation of new
blood vessels).
10. What is cell communication, and how does it occur?
Cell communication involves sending and receiving signals to coordinate activities. It occurs
through:
Chemical signaling: Hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines.
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
1. What is metabolic absorption?
Metabolic absorption is the process by which cells take in nutrients, water, ions, and other
substances from their environment to fuel metabolism, produce energy, and maintain cellular
structures.
This process is essential for sustaining cell function and responding to environmental changes.
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction?
Peroxisomes use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates, generating
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct.
Enzymes like catalase then break down H2O2 to prevent damage.
Peroxisomes are crucial for detoxification, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve cell myelination.
3. During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion?
Lysosomes release enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and nucleases during cell injury.
These enzymes digest cellular components, leading to autodigestion (autolysis) and contributing
to cell death if the damage persists.
4. Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
,Genetic information is stored in the nucleus, which houses DNA and histones that regulate gene
activity.
A small amount of DNA is also found in mitochondria, essential for mitochondrial function and
energy production.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? Cell membranes consist of:
Phospholipids (forming a bilayer).
Proteins (receptors, transport channels, enzymes).
Cholesterol (stabilizing membrane fluidity).
Carbohydrates (glycolipids, glycoproteins) for signaling and protection.
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells?
Potassium channels in the cell membrane allow potassium ions to move in and out of cells along
their concentration gradient, maintaining resting membrane potential and supporting cellular
functions like nerve impulse transmission.
7. How is the cell protected from injury?
Cells are protected by:
Plasma membrane: Barrier against harmful substances.
, Glycocalyx: Cushions and protects against damage.
Cytoskeleton: Maintains structure and absorbs mechanical stress.
Antioxidants: Neutralize free radicals.
Repair mechanisms: Fix DNA and maintain membrane integrity.
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with erythrocytes?
In cirrhosis, abnormal cholesterol metabolism alters erythrocyte membranes, reducing their
flexibility and increasing fragility.
This leads to hemolysis, target cell formation, and anemia.
9. What is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
PDGF is a signaling protein that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and repair.
It plays a key role in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis (formation of new
blood vessels).
10. What is cell communication, and how does it occur?
Cell communication involves sending and receiving signals to coordinate activities. It occurs
through:
Chemical signaling: Hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines.
