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,A 5-year-old boy was struck by a car when he ran out into the street. When you
arrive at the scene and approach the child, you see him lying supine
approximately 15 feet from the car. Based on the child's age and mechanism of
injury, which of the following should you suspect to be his PRIMARY injury?
• A:Head injury
• B:Upper thorax injury
• C:Lower leg injury
• D:Pelvic injury
The correct answer is D;
Reason:Children are smaller than adults; therefore, when they are injured by the same
mechanism of injury as an adult, the location of their injuries may differ from those of an
adult. For example, when an adult is struck by a vehicle, the primary injury typically
occurs at or below the knees, depending on the height of the bumper at the time of
impact. Because the child is shorter, initial impact typically occurs at or near the pelvis.
Secondary injury occurs when child's chest collides with the vehicle's grille. Tertiary
injury occurs when the child strikes the side of his or her head on the pavement after
being propelled away from the vehicle. In some cases, the child is pulled underneath
the vehicle and is dragged.
Upon delivery of the baby's head, you note that the umbilical cord is wrapped
around its neck. You should:
• A:immediately clamp and cut the cord and continue the delivery.
,• B:give the mother high-flow oxygen and transport her on her side.
• C:keep the cord warm and moist and transport without delay.
• D:make one attempt to gently remove the cord from around its neck.
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:If the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck (nuchal cord), the EMT
should make one attempt to gently remove the cord from around its neck. If this is
unsuccessful, clamp and cut the cord and continue with the delivery. A nuchal cord can
cause fetal asphyxia and must be treated immediately upon discovery.
You have just delivered a baby girl. Your assessment of the newborn reveals that
she has a patent airway, is breathing adequately, and has a heart rate of 130
beats/min. Her face and trunk are pink, but her hands and feet are cyanotic. You
have clamped and cut the umbilical cord, but the placenta has not yet delivered.
You should:
• A:reassess the newborn every 5 minutes and transport after the placenta
delivers.
• B:massage the lower part of the mother's uterus until the placenta delivers.
• C:give the newborn high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask and transport.
• D:keep the newborn warm, give oxygen to the mother if needed, and transport.
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason: The newborn is stable and does not require care beyond providing thermal
management and monitoring. Oxygen is indicated for the newborn if it has central
, cyanosis (cyanosis to the face and trunk), and should be delivered via the blow-by
technique with the flowmeter set at 5 L/min. Cyanosis to the periphery of the body (eg,
hands and feet), which is called acrocyanosis, is a normal finding in the newborn. You
should not wait at the scene for the placenta to deliver; it can take up to 45 minutes for
this to occur. Begin transport, keep the newborn warm, and give oxygen to the mother if
indicated. Massaging the uterine fundus (top part of the uterus) is indicated for women
with postpartum vaginal bleeding (ie, BOTH the baby and placenta have delivered).
The function of the uterus is to:
• A:house the fetus as it grows for 40 weeks.
• B:provide oxygen and other nutrients to the fetus.
• C:dilate and expel the baby from the cervix.
• D:provide a cushion and protect the fetus from infection.
You selected A; This is correct!
Reason:The uterus is a muscular organ where the fetus grows for 37 to 42 weeks
(average of 40 weeks). It is responsible for contracting during labor, which in
conjunction with dilation of the cervix (the opening of the uterus), expels the baby from
the uterus into the birth canal. The placenta is the organ of exchange that delivers
oxygen and other nutrients from the mother to the fetus and returns metabolic waste
products from the fetus to the mother. The amniotic sac, also called the bag of waters,
provides a cushion for the developing fetus and helps protect it from infection.
The 5-minute Apgar assessment of a newborn reveals a heart rate of 130
beats/min, cyanosis to the hands and feet, and rapid respirations. The infant cries