N309 - GLOBAL HEALTH TEST 2
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
\.*What are key terms related to communicable disease and what do they mean?
- ANSWERS-- Outbreak: spike in incidence
- Epidemic: "more cases...than expected in a given area..."
- Pandemic: world-wide epidemic (COVID-19, SARS in 2003)
- Endemic: infectious disease always present in an area (malaria in many tropical
areas)
- Mode of Transmission: how a "germ" reaches humans to infect them
- Zooneses: spread of infection from animals to humans
-Quarantine: restricted movement to stop transmission
-Vaccination: administering a vaccine
-Immunization: body's immune response to vaccine
\.What does "communicable disease mean and how are differing levels of disease
spread differentiated? - ANSWERS--Communicable Disease: Illness caused by
exposure to infectious or parasitic agents, can be spread directly or indirectly
- Animal to human transmission: "spillover", behaviors or environment events
allow "jump" from animal "reservoir" to human
,\.How do clinical and public health focuses differ in relation to communicable
disease? - ANSWERS--Public Health Focus: agent, population, environment links
--Surveil population for outbreaks
--Enact population level strategies to prevent and control
--Disseminate needed information to population
Individual Clinical Focus: agent and ill person
--Diagnosis of the individual
--Treatment, i.e., drugs
--Provide supportive care, if no treatment
--Protect those in the healthcare facility
\.*What are characteristics of the host, agent, and environment that affects a
person's risk of communicable disease, the severity, and transmission? -
ANSWERS-- Host: nutritional, immune status
--acquired immunity: host produces antibodies after contact with agent that
protect from further infection by that agent
--passive immunity: host receives antibodies from other sources, mother-fetal,
breastmilk, etc. (short-lived)
--immune compromised: a health situation reducing immune response (poor
nutrition, some cancer treatments, drugs for transplant, obesity)
-Agent - pathogen attributes: type, infectivity, virulence
--Infectivity: ability of an agent to spread/transmitted from one host to another,
proportion infected of the total exposed
, --Virulence: power of infectious agent to produce disease: continuum of mild to
severe
-Types of communicable diseases: bacteria, helminths, viruses, protozoa, prions,
fungi
-Environment: modes of transmit - intact, e.g., vectors
--Modes of transmission - agent, environment and host linkages:
--airborne or droplet, vector-borne,vehicle-borne, person-to-person
--reservoir: source host in which an agent resides (often without causing disease
in them) Ex. bats for ebola
--Herd immunity: population resistance to infectious disease because members
are immunized
--Vectors: an organism such as a mosquito, or animal that Carris disease agent to a
host
\.*What statistic tells you how deadly a disease outbreak is and how is it
calculated? - ANSWERS--Case fatality rate
--# of deaths from disease / total cases in disease outbreak X 100
\.How do vaccines and antibiotics differ? - ANSWERS-
\.*What determines the best strategy for controlling a particular communicable
disease? - ANSWERS-Depends on the mode of transmission and vaccine
availability
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
\.*What are key terms related to communicable disease and what do they mean?
- ANSWERS-- Outbreak: spike in incidence
- Epidemic: "more cases...than expected in a given area..."
- Pandemic: world-wide epidemic (COVID-19, SARS in 2003)
- Endemic: infectious disease always present in an area (malaria in many tropical
areas)
- Mode of Transmission: how a "germ" reaches humans to infect them
- Zooneses: spread of infection from animals to humans
-Quarantine: restricted movement to stop transmission
-Vaccination: administering a vaccine
-Immunization: body's immune response to vaccine
\.What does "communicable disease mean and how are differing levels of disease
spread differentiated? - ANSWERS--Communicable Disease: Illness caused by
exposure to infectious or parasitic agents, can be spread directly or indirectly
- Animal to human transmission: "spillover", behaviors or environment events
allow "jump" from animal "reservoir" to human
,\.How do clinical and public health focuses differ in relation to communicable
disease? - ANSWERS--Public Health Focus: agent, population, environment links
--Surveil population for outbreaks
--Enact population level strategies to prevent and control
--Disseminate needed information to population
Individual Clinical Focus: agent and ill person
--Diagnosis of the individual
--Treatment, i.e., drugs
--Provide supportive care, if no treatment
--Protect those in the healthcare facility
\.*What are characteristics of the host, agent, and environment that affects a
person's risk of communicable disease, the severity, and transmission? -
ANSWERS-- Host: nutritional, immune status
--acquired immunity: host produces antibodies after contact with agent that
protect from further infection by that agent
--passive immunity: host receives antibodies from other sources, mother-fetal,
breastmilk, etc. (short-lived)
--immune compromised: a health situation reducing immune response (poor
nutrition, some cancer treatments, drugs for transplant, obesity)
-Agent - pathogen attributes: type, infectivity, virulence
--Infectivity: ability of an agent to spread/transmitted from one host to another,
proportion infected of the total exposed
, --Virulence: power of infectious agent to produce disease: continuum of mild to
severe
-Types of communicable diseases: bacteria, helminths, viruses, protozoa, prions,
fungi
-Environment: modes of transmit - intact, e.g., vectors
--Modes of transmission - agent, environment and host linkages:
--airborne or droplet, vector-borne,vehicle-borne, person-to-person
--reservoir: source host in which an agent resides (often without causing disease
in them) Ex. bats for ebola
--Herd immunity: population resistance to infectious disease because members
are immunized
--Vectors: an organism such as a mosquito, or animal that Carris disease agent to a
host
\.*What statistic tells you how deadly a disease outbreak is and how is it
calculated? - ANSWERS--Case fatality rate
--# of deaths from disease / total cases in disease outbreak X 100
\.How do vaccines and antibiotics differ? - ANSWERS-
\.*What determines the best strategy for controlling a particular communicable
disease? - ANSWERS-Depends on the mode of transmission and vaccine
availability
