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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NU 545-- UNIT 5—
new 2026 PULMONARY & KIDNEY I
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT., Exams of Nursing
Uretic bud (metanephric duct) - --ANS---Forms as an outgrowth of the mesonephritic (wolffian)
duct and grows dorsocranially and starts subdividing to become the collecting system for the
kidneys by forming the ureter, renal pelvis, and calyces; by the 5th fetal month if will have
progressively branched into the collecting ducts.
Metanephrogenic mesenchyme - --ANS---Sits atop the terminal branches of the collecting ducts
and develops into primitive glomeruli and uriniferous tubules.
Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---A term used to describe a symptom complex characterized by
proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema
-more common in children than adults.
Primary Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---A type of nephrotic syndrome with no other identifiable
causes -described by histopathology—minimal change nephropathy [MCN], focal segmental
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glomerullosclerosis [FSGS], membraneous nephropathy [MN] or membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis [MPGN].
Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---Type of nephrotic syndrome resulting from a
systemic disease or other cause (ie. Drugs, toxins, diabetes mellitus, lupus nephritis)
-has same patterns of histopathology as primary but is associated with an underlying cause.
Minimal change nephropathy - --ANS---Lipoid nephrosis. Most common cause of nephrotic
syndrome in children age 2-6. Believed to be caused by a systemic immune response resulting in
the release of permeability factors from abnormal circulating T cells that injure the glomerular
epithelial cells. The only change to the glomeruli is the fusion of epithelial cellpodocyte foot
processes.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) - --ANS---Type of nephrotic syndrome most
commonly found in blacks. The primary injury is effacement (thinning or deletion) of epithelial
podocytes, with a significant increase in pore size leading to impairment of size selectively and
proteinuria.
Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome - --ANS---Onset is insidious-periorbital edema (first
sign—most notable in the morning)-foamy or frothy urine-edema pronounced with ascites-
respiratory difficulty from pleural effusion-labial or scrotal swelling-diarrhea (caused by edema
of the intestinal mucosa)-anorexia-poor absorption-pallor-shiny skin-BP normal or slightly
decreased-increased susceptibility to infection-irritability-fatigue
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NU 545-- UNIT 5—
new 2026 PULMONARY & KIDNEY I
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT., Exams of Nursing
Uretic bud (metanephric duct) - --ANS---Forms as an outgrowth of the mesonephritic (wolffian)
duct and grows dorsocranially and starts subdividing to become the collecting system for the
kidneys by forming the ureter, renal pelvis, and calyces; by the 5th fetal month if will have
progressively branched into the collecting ducts.
Metanephrogenic mesenchyme - --ANS---Sits atop the terminal branches of the collecting ducts
and develops into primitive glomeruli and uriniferous tubules.
Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---A term used to describe a symptom complex characterized by
proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema
-more common in children than adults.
Primary Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---A type of nephrotic syndrome with no other identifiable
causes -described by histopathology—minimal change nephropathy [MCN], focal segmental
, 2|Page
glomerullosclerosis [FSGS], membraneous nephropathy [MN] or membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis [MPGN].
Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome - --ANS---Type of nephrotic syndrome resulting from a
systemic disease or other cause (ie. Drugs, toxins, diabetes mellitus, lupus nephritis)
-has same patterns of histopathology as primary but is associated with an underlying cause.
Minimal change nephropathy - --ANS---Lipoid nephrosis. Most common cause of nephrotic
syndrome in children age 2-6. Believed to be caused by a systemic immune response resulting in
the release of permeability factors from abnormal circulating T cells that injure the glomerular
epithelial cells. The only change to the glomeruli is the fusion of epithelial cellpodocyte foot
processes.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) - --ANS---Type of nephrotic syndrome most
commonly found in blacks. The primary injury is effacement (thinning or deletion) of epithelial
podocytes, with a significant increase in pore size leading to impairment of size selectively and
proteinuria.
Manifestations of nephrotic syndrome - --ANS---Onset is insidious-periorbital edema (first
sign—most notable in the morning)-foamy or frothy urine-edema pronounced with ascites-
respiratory difficulty from pleural effusion-labial or scrotal swelling-diarrhea (caused by edema
of the intestinal mucosa)-anorexia-poor absorption-pallor-shiny skin-BP normal or slightly
decreased-increased susceptibility to infection-irritability-fatigue
