HNF 150 ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate
amounts of all the essential amino acids are required for protein
synthesis. Answer: there are nine essential amino acids (histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
and tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our
diet protein synthesis will be stopped
⩥ Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body. Answer: 1. supporting
growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
-edema
,7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
⩥ State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell.
Answer: amino acids can be metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy,
glucose, or fat
⩥ Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the
colon.. Answer: Other than being torn by chewing nothing happens to
protein until it reaches the stomach. when swallowed food arrives in the
stomach, acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme cleaves
amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes
from the pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides,
dipeptides, and amino acids. enzymes on the surface of the small
intestine's lining and within the absorptive cells split tripeptides and
dipeptides. the intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the
blood stream. the bloodstream transports amino acids to all the body's
cells
⩥ Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study;
list examples of positive, negative and equilibrium with regard to
nitrogen balance. Answer: purpose: these studies compare nitrogen lost
by excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces,
sweat, and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the
amount of protein needed to replace these losses
,positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
⩥ Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian
meal plans that contain complementary proteins. Answer: mutual
supplementation is the process of combining two incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as
the day's meals supply them all the diet provides enough energy and
total protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies
and cheese
⩥ Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid
supplements is not recommended. Answer: offers no benefits and may
pose health risks, particularly weakened kidneys. also possible for
chronic disease risk as well. in addition, heart disease, kidney disease,
and adult bone loss could result
, protein supplements can place a burden on kidneys to excrete extra
nitrogen and adds extra unnecessary calories
amino acid supplements can induce sleepiness, nausea, skin effects, and
digestive disturbances
⩥ State the health and planetary benefits, and nutrient considerations of
whole food, plant-based diets. Answer: less fat, less cholesterol, less
sodium, more fiber, more vitamins and minerals
⩥ protien. Answer: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen and arranged as strands of amino acids.
⩥ amino acid. Answer: the building blocks of proteins. each one has an
amine group at one end, an acid group at the other, and a distinctive side
chain
⩥ essential amino acid. Answer: amino acids that either cannot be
synthesized at all by the body or cannot be synthesized in amounts
sufficient to meet physiological need.
⩥ conditionally essential amino acids. Answer: an amino acid that in
normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special
circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce
it
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate
amounts of all the essential amino acids are required for protein
synthesis. Answer: there are nine essential amino acids (histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
and tryptophan).
If any of the 9 essential AA's is not present in sufficient amounts in our
diet protein synthesis will be stopped
⩥ Describe the 7 roles of protein in the body. Answer: 1. supporting
growth and maintenance
2. enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. transport and recognition proteins
-lipoproteins
-active transport
signaling and receptors
4. building antibodies (immunoproteins)
5. maintaining acid balance
6. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
-edema
,7. used for energy
8. or used for energy storage (goes with #7)
⩥ State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell.
Answer: amino acids can be metabolized to protein, nitrogen, energy,
glucose, or fat
⩥ Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the
colon.. Answer: Other than being torn by chewing nothing happens to
protein until it reaches the stomach. when swallowed food arrives in the
stomach, acid denatures the protein strands, and an enzyme cleaves
amino acid strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids. enzymes
from the pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides,
dipeptides, and amino acids. enzymes on the surface of the small
intestine's lining and within the absorptive cells split tripeptides and
dipeptides. the intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the
blood stream. the bloodstream transports amino acids to all the body's
cells
⩥ Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study;
list examples of positive, negative and equilibrium with regard to
nitrogen balance. Answer: purpose: these studies compare nitrogen lost
by excretion with nitrogen eaten in food.
how: scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces,
sweat, and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the
amount of protein needed to replace these losses
,positive ex: a growing child
negative ex: astronauts
equilibrium ex: someone who consumes as much as they lose
⩥ Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian
meal plans that contain complementary proteins. Answer: mutual
supplementation is the process of combining two incomplete protein
sources to make a complete protein. the two foods involved in this are
called complementary proteins.
the complementary proteins do not need to be eaten together as long as
the day's meals supply them all the diet provides enough energy and
total protein from a variety of sources
vegetarian meal examples: oatmeal, rice and beans, pasta with veggies
and cheese
⩥ Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid
supplements is not recommended. Answer: offers no benefits and may
pose health risks, particularly weakened kidneys. also possible for
chronic disease risk as well. in addition, heart disease, kidney disease,
and adult bone loss could result
, protein supplements can place a burden on kidneys to excrete extra
nitrogen and adds extra unnecessary calories
amino acid supplements can induce sleepiness, nausea, skin effects, and
digestive disturbances
⩥ State the health and planetary benefits, and nutrient considerations of
whole food, plant-based diets. Answer: less fat, less cholesterol, less
sodium, more fiber, more vitamins and minerals
⩥ protien. Answer: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen and arranged as strands of amino acids.
⩥ amino acid. Answer: the building blocks of proteins. each one has an
amine group at one end, an acid group at the other, and a distinctive side
chain
⩥ essential amino acid. Answer: amino acids that either cannot be
synthesized at all by the body or cannot be synthesized in amounts
sufficient to meet physiological need.
⩥ conditionally essential amino acids. Answer: an amino acid that in
normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special
circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce
it
