BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the
corresponding types that are found in RNA? - ansa. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - ans1. DNA contains deoxyribose -
RNA is ribose
2. DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
3. DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single strand
DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA
nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - ansThe uprights are the sugar
phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases.
Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation. - ansDuring
dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block
monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used.
Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water
molecule is added and energy is released.
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
GLUCOSE - ansCarbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and
animals
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Starch - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Cellulose - ansCarbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber Tell
whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
,BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
Triglyceride - ansLipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces
twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Phopholipid - ansLipid; the major constituent of cell membranes
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Hemoglobin - ansProtein; carries oxygen in the blood
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
DNA - ansNucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
RNA - ansNucleic Acid; part of the protein-synthesizing operation of the cell
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Cholesterol - ansLipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form
plaque on artery walls
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
ATP - ansNucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high-energy phosphate bond
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Glycogen - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose Tell
whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Insulin - ansProtein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - ansBecause they are "structurally
sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
,BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - ansa. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear
chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong
and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's
possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and
hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary,
secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? -
ansNitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - ansbeing insoluble in water due to the
presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - ansMost
biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the
functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - ansAmino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - ansfatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - ansnucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - ansmonosaccharides
a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ansa. CHO
b. 2:1
, BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional
groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - ansHDL (good; takes potentially dangerous build up to
liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries
triglycerides)
Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ans1. Prokaryotic cells are
typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size (about
1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means
"before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not
contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - ansPhospholipid bi-layer with proteins and
phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - ansIntegral,
Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell
membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - ansThe
membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and
other types are secondary active, cotransport, and counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Gases - ansSimple Diffusion
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Water - ansSimple diffusion (Osmosis)
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
large objects such as other cells - ansPhagocytosis
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
droplets of liquid - ansPinocytosis
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the
corresponding types that are found in RNA? - ansa. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - ans1. DNA contains deoxyribose -
RNA is ribose
2. DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
3. DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single strand
DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA
nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - ansThe uprights are the sugar
phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases.
Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation. - ansDuring
dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block
monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used.
Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water
molecule is added and energy is released.
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
GLUCOSE - ansCarbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and
animals
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Starch - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Cellulose - ansCarbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber Tell
whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
,BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
Triglyceride - ansLipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces
twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Phopholipid - ansLipid; the major constituent of cell membranes
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Hemoglobin - ansProtein; carries oxygen in the blood
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
DNA - ansNucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
RNA - ansNucleic Acid; part of the protein-synthesizing operation of the cell
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Cholesterol - ansLipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form
plaque on artery walls
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
ATP - ansNucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high-energy phosphate bond
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Glycogen - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose Tell
whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then
explain the use of each.
Insulin - ansProtein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - ansBecause they are "structurally
sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
,BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - ansa. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear
chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong
and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's
possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and
hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary,
secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? -
ansNitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - ansbeing insoluble in water due to the
presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - ansMost
biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the
functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - ansAmino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - ansfatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - ansnucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - ansmonosaccharides
a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ansa. CHO
b. 2:1
, BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
2026/2027
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional
groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - ansHDL (good; takes potentially dangerous build up to
liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries
triglycerides)
Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ans1. Prokaryotic cells are
typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size (about
1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means
"before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not
contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - ansPhospholipid bi-layer with proteins and
phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - ansIntegral,
Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell
membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - ansThe
membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and
other types are secondary active, cotransport, and counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Gases - ansSimple Diffusion
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Water - ansSimple diffusion (Osmosis)
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
large objects such as other cells - ansPhagocytosis
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
droplets of liquid - ansPinocytosis
