Psychology CLEP Exam
2026
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,A form of behavior modification using Token Economy
operant conditioning principles. Every
time the patient displays the desired
behavior, he is awarded a token (such
as a star or a coin) that can be traded
for a physical possession or special
privilege.
The art of teaching. It encompasses Pedagogy
different styles and methods of
instructing.
A theory which focuses on how to Instructional Theory
structure material to best teach
students, especially young ones. This
approach can be divided into two
general approaches: cognitive and
behavioral.
A teaching style which seeks to Critical pedagogy
instruct students in how to recognize
and rise up against oppression. This
area of teaching is influenced by the
works of Karl Marx.
A principle proposed by Edward Law of Effect
Thorndike stating behaviors with
positive outcomes will be repeated
while those with negative outcomes
will be avoided.
A type of instruction which involves Direct instruction
the teacher systematically leading the
students step by step to a particular
learning goals. This type of teaching
is best for learning math or other
complex skills, but not for less
structured tasks such as English
composition.
The amount of time the student Academic Learning Time
spends focused on his studies when
he is successful at learning the
material.
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,The total length of the class. Scheduled Time
The amount of class time devoted to Allocated Time
teaching.
The amount of Allocated Time each Engaged Time
individual student spends focused on
the class.
A method of pedagogy where the Active teaching
teacher actively looks for ways to
improve the students' knowledge of a
subject. Ways of doing this include
actively presenting concepts,
checking to see if the students
understand, and reteaching any
trouble areas for the students.
A type of learning where the teacher Generative learning
encourages the students to find their
own meaning in learning. The teacher
will show relationships between the
new subject matter and past learning
and will encourage the students to
have confidence in their own ability to
make these connections.
According to researcher Benjamin Two-sigma problem
Bloom, students with individual tutors
generally perform two standard
deviations (two "sigmas") above
those in average classrooms.
A testing procedure that measures an Norm-Referenced Testing
individual student's score relative to
those of a representative group of
students. These tests are used to
rank students based on their skill
levels compared to their peers.
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, A testing procedure that measures a Criterion-Referenced Testing
student's mastery of a particular skill
or understanding of a certain concept.
The purpose of this kind of test is to
measure whether a student has
achieved a certain learning objective.
All sources that contribute to a Instruction
student's learning. This term includes
the teacher, the textbook, the
principal, and any others who
promote education.
A learning model that proposes that Carroll's Model of School Learning
learning is a function of the ratio
between the effort needed to the
effort spent learning.
learning=f(time spent/time needed)
Allowing each student to reach full Mastery Learning
mastery of a concept, regardless of
how long it takes.
The study of how students learn and Educational Psychology
develop.
A humanistic, interdisciplinary form of Steiner-Waldorf Education
teaching which emphasizes the role
of creativity and imagination in
learning. According to this theory,
children pass through three learning
stages: imitative learning, artistic
learning, and abstract learning.
A disruptive disorder characterized by ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
the underdevelopment of certain traits
such as impulse control, leading to
inattention, hyperactivity, and
impulsiveness. The three types are
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive,
predominantly inattentive, and
combined hyperactive-impulsive and
inattentive.
2026