BYU PDBIO 305 HANSEN FINAL EXAM 2026 || MOST
RECENT EXAM 2026-2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESSS!! NEWEST EXAM |
JUST RELEASED!!
Describe the differences between fast and slow pain -
ANSWER-fast: occurs on stimulation, carried by small
myelinated fibers, produces sharp sensation, localized easy,
occurs first
Slow: occurs on stimulation of later nociceptors, carried by
small unmyelinated fibers, produces dull aching sensation, not
localized, occurs second, persists longer
Explain the gate-control theory - ANSWER-slow pain inhibits
inhibitory neurons,
forcing pain to go
continuously
Discuss differences between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous
systems - ANSWER-sympathetic:
fight or flight
,parasymp: rest and
digest
Explain the concept of dual innervation - ANSWER-both
portions of the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and
parasympathetic innervate the same organs, just for different
purposes
Know which neurotransmitter is released at each synapse in
the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - ANSWER-
Parasymp: Pre--ACh-Post-AChTarget organ
Sympathetic: Pre-ACh-Post--Norepinephrine-Target Organ
Pre--ACh-Catecholamines
Know how ACh and NE are removed from the synaptic cleft -
ANSWER-ACh:
acetylcholinesterase takes acetate and adds choline then
diffuses it back into
the
synapses
Norepinephrine: naturally diffused back into
the synapse
Explain how agonists/antagonists would affect the ANS -
ANSWER-agonists:
would mimic effect of ACh and NE trying to
be released
antagonists: would reduce signal of
ACh and NE
,Describe the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction to
cause muscle contraction - ANSWER-1. action potential causes
release of Ca++ channels
2. Ca++ releases ACh neurotransmitter
3/4. ACh binds to K/Na pump receptor
5. Current takes Na to cell
6. Action potential again
7. Acetyl cholinesterase binds choline to acetate
8. ACh is brought back into synapse
Explain how myasthenia gravis, curare and botulinum toxin all
cause paralysis -
ANSWER-Myasthenia gravis: antibodies bind to nicotinic
receptors in junction
Curare: blocks ACh receptors, and no action potentials
Botulinum: prevents neurotransmitter exocytosis and no action
potentials
Explain the steps in calcium release from the SR - ANSWER-
action potential runs down t-tubule, action potential changes
conformation of DHP receptors, new DHP shape pulls calcium
channels open, Ca++ pours out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Describe the structures and components of the sarcomere. Be
able to label the various zones and describe what proteins are
found in each area - ANSWER-Hzone: portion where only thick
filament A band: thick and thin filament together
I band: only thin filament
, Z line: ends pulling thin filament
M line: anchors middle of H zone
Thick filament contains many myosin proteins, thin
contains many actin,
troponin, and tropomyson
proteins.
Explain what is happening at each step of crossbridge -
ANSWER-1. calcium
binds to troponin, pulls tropomyosin
off myosin
2. myosin head binds to actin which releases Pi
3. loss of Pi causes power stroke which moves myosin head
forward and ejects
ADP
4. Fresh ATP binds and myosin detaches
5. head cocks back and uses ATP energy which causes ADP
and Pi to form. Cycle repeats
Explain the process of relaxation and the role of calsequestrin -
ANSWER-no more action potentials is relaxation, but ATP is
required to run calsequestrin which pumps Ca++ back into the
SR and away from the cell
Define latent period and explain why it occurs - ANSWER-
defined as the time
RECENT EXAM 2026-2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESSS!! NEWEST EXAM |
JUST RELEASED!!
Describe the differences between fast and slow pain -
ANSWER-fast: occurs on stimulation, carried by small
myelinated fibers, produces sharp sensation, localized easy,
occurs first
Slow: occurs on stimulation of later nociceptors, carried by
small unmyelinated fibers, produces dull aching sensation, not
localized, occurs second, persists longer
Explain the gate-control theory - ANSWER-slow pain inhibits
inhibitory neurons,
forcing pain to go
continuously
Discuss differences between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous
systems - ANSWER-sympathetic:
fight or flight
,parasymp: rest and
digest
Explain the concept of dual innervation - ANSWER-both
portions of the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and
parasympathetic innervate the same organs, just for different
purposes
Know which neurotransmitter is released at each synapse in
the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - ANSWER-
Parasymp: Pre--ACh-Post-AChTarget organ
Sympathetic: Pre-ACh-Post--Norepinephrine-Target Organ
Pre--ACh-Catecholamines
Know how ACh and NE are removed from the synaptic cleft -
ANSWER-ACh:
acetylcholinesterase takes acetate and adds choline then
diffuses it back into
the
synapses
Norepinephrine: naturally diffused back into
the synapse
Explain how agonists/antagonists would affect the ANS -
ANSWER-agonists:
would mimic effect of ACh and NE trying to
be released
antagonists: would reduce signal of
ACh and NE
,Describe the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction to
cause muscle contraction - ANSWER-1. action potential causes
release of Ca++ channels
2. Ca++ releases ACh neurotransmitter
3/4. ACh binds to K/Na pump receptor
5. Current takes Na to cell
6. Action potential again
7. Acetyl cholinesterase binds choline to acetate
8. ACh is brought back into synapse
Explain how myasthenia gravis, curare and botulinum toxin all
cause paralysis -
ANSWER-Myasthenia gravis: antibodies bind to nicotinic
receptors in junction
Curare: blocks ACh receptors, and no action potentials
Botulinum: prevents neurotransmitter exocytosis and no action
potentials
Explain the steps in calcium release from the SR - ANSWER-
action potential runs down t-tubule, action potential changes
conformation of DHP receptors, new DHP shape pulls calcium
channels open, Ca++ pours out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Describe the structures and components of the sarcomere. Be
able to label the various zones and describe what proteins are
found in each area - ANSWER-Hzone: portion where only thick
filament A band: thick and thin filament together
I band: only thin filament
, Z line: ends pulling thin filament
M line: anchors middle of H zone
Thick filament contains many myosin proteins, thin
contains many actin,
troponin, and tropomyson
proteins.
Explain what is happening at each step of crossbridge -
ANSWER-1. calcium
binds to troponin, pulls tropomyosin
off myosin
2. myosin head binds to actin which releases Pi
3. loss of Pi causes power stroke which moves myosin head
forward and ejects
ADP
4. Fresh ATP binds and myosin detaches
5. head cocks back and uses ATP energy which causes ADP
and Pi to form. Cycle repeats
Explain the process of relaxation and the role of calsequestrin -
ANSWER-no more action potentials is relaxation, but ATP is
required to run calsequestrin which pumps Ca++ back into the
SR and away from the cell
Define latent period and explain why it occurs - ANSWER-
defined as the time
