NUR 426 CH EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NUR 426 CH EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Public health science - Answers The scientific foundation of public health practice and brings together other sciences including environmental science, epidemiology, biostatistics, biomedical sciences, and the social and behavioral sciences. Public health goals - Answers prevent disease and disability and promote/protect the community as a whole. It includes preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health, addressing environmental safety and improvement Core Functions of Public Health - Answers 1. Assessment 2. Policy Development 3. Assurance Assessment - Answers the systematic collection, analysis and monitoring of health problems and needs Policy Development - Answers the use of scientific knowledge to develop a strategic approach to improving the community's health Assurance - Answers assuring constituents that public health agencies provide services necessary to achieve agreed-upon goals. Assuring that essential community-oriented services are provided GL 10 essential public health services - Answers 1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. 3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. 4. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems. 5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. 8. Assure competent public and personal health care workforce. 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Globalizaton - Answers the process of increasing economic, political and social independence and integration as capital, goods, persons, concepts, images, ideas and values across state boundaries. With globalization, there is also an emergence of CDs Life expectancy - Answers The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. 10 public health achievements - Answers 1. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard 2. Vaccination 3. Motor-vehicle safety 4. Safer workplaces 5. Control of infectious diseases 6. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke 7. Safer and healthier foods 8. Healthier mothers and babies 9. Family planning 10. Fluoridation of drinking water Population - Answers mass of people that make up a definable unit to which measurements pertained Health - Answers A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease or infirmary Aggregate - Answers individual units brought together into a whole or sum of individuals (synonymous with population) Community - Answers group of individuals living within the same geographical area or those who share another common denominator. You recognize yourself as part of a community but not as a population. Population-Focused Nursing - Answers nursing practice that concentrates upon specific groups of people, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention, regardless of geographic location (ex. individuals without health insurance) Key Components of PH Nursing - Answers 1. Emphasize primary prevention 2. Work to achieve the greatest good for the largest number of individuals 3. Recognize that the client is a partner in health Determinants of Health - Answers the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status Diversity - Answers groups and individuals differ in relation to culture, ethnicity and race Culture - Answers the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group Ethnicity - Answers Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. (more focused on culture) Race - Answers a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics Cultural competency - Answers the attitudes, knowledge, and skills necessary for providing quality care to diverse populations Cultural humility - Answers An acknowledgement of one's own barriers to true intercultural understanding and that understanding the multitude of diverse cultures in the world today may be too big of a task Public Health Nursing - Answers The practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences Advocacy - Answers responsibility to speak up for populations and communities that lack resources to be heard Health Education/Promotion - Answers community based education and empowerment programs 8 principles of public health nursing - Answers 1. The client or unit of care is the population 2. The primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people 3. The processes used by PHN is working with the client as an equal partner 4. Primary prevention is a priority 5. Priority strategies to create healthy environmental, societal and economic conditions in which populations thrive 6. Obligation to identify and reach out to all who may benefit from a specific activity or service 7. Optimal utilization of resources 8. Interprofessional Collaboration Global Health - Answers The health of populations in a worldwide context that go beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) - Answers A group within the United Nations responsible for human health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Answers The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Focuses on prevention and control of CDs, NCDs, injuries, workplace hazards, disabilities and environmental health threats Healthy People 2020 - Answers Set of goals and health topics with specific objectives aimed at improving the health across the life span, released every 10 years Social Ecological Model - Answers individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy. Focuses on placing health related and other social policies and environments at the center. Health promotion - Answers the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health (Aimed at helping patients increase healthy behaviors and reduce unhealthy behaviors) Risk reduction - Answers actions taken to reduce a person's risk for disease (removes risk from the ENVIRONMENT) Health protection - Answers Behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within its constraints. PERSONAL ability to protect against disease (vaccines) Upstream approach - Answers Focuses on eliminating the factors that increase risk to a population's health. MACRO approach (Ex. agricultural subsidies, transportation policies, restricting television of advertising bad food choices to children) Downstream approach - Answers focuses on actions taken after disease or injury has occurred MICRO approach (illness care); does not really focus on the community Ecological determinants of health - Answers potable water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, climate action, life below water and life on land Social determinants of health - Answers The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels. Mostly responsible for health inequities Health Prevention - Answers Prevention of disease and injury in addition to slowing progression of disease. Accomplished by health policies, health programs and health practices Natural History of Disease - Answers The course of disease from its beginning to its final clinical endpoints. Stages: 1) Susceptibility 2) Subclinical (incubation) 3) Clinical disease 4) Resolution CH focuses on susceptibility phase because this is prevention Prevalence - Answers The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time. (Incidence is the number of NEW cases at a given time) Prevalence pot - Answers The relationship between total number of cases of disease in the population taking into account issues related to duration of disease and incidence of disease (TOTAL CURRENT CASES) Primary prevention - Answers Preventing the development of disease in those who are currently healthy. HEALTH PROMOTION (ex. flu vaccines, banning smoking, car seat education, nutrition education, promoting breast feeding, personal hygiene, hand hygiene, prenatal classes, advocating for access to healthcare and healthy environments) Secondary prevention - Answers early detection and initiation of treatment for disease SCREENING and control of outbreaks of CDs Tertiary prevention - Answers prevention of disability and premature death with initiation of rehab. Aimed at preventing secondary complications related to disease (ex. regular foot care and blood sugar monitoring in a patient with diabetes) (rehab, case management, PT/OT, support groups, exercise for person who has disease) Universal prevention - Answers applicable to the entire population and is not based on individual risk (ex. anti-smoking billboard) Selective prevention - Answers interventions aimed at the subset of the population that has an increased level of risk for developing disease (ex. screening women who have breast cancer who have a known family history of breast cancer). this targets everyone in a subgroup regardless of risk Indicated prevention - Answers prevent the onset of substance abuse in individuals who do not meet the medical criteria for addiction, but who are showing early danger signs. At risk behaviors - Answers actions that can potentially threaten your health or the health of others. lack of exercise/physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, alcohol abuse Attributable risk - Answers the measure of the proportion of the cases or injuries that would be eliminated if a risk factor was not present (ex. if no one smoked, how many causes of lung cancer would be eliminated) Population attributable risk (PAR) - Answers based on the strength of the risk factor and the prevalence of the risk factor in the community Prevention fraction - Answers measure of what can actually be achieved in a community setting (ex. how many obese children participating in after school activity programs will actually reduce their weight to a normal BMI) Clinical prevention - Answers one-on-one delivery method between HCP and patient (vaccination, screening and early detection of disease) Behavioral prevention - Answers health promotion strategies focused on changing individual behavior (exercise promotion, smoking cessation, responsible drinking) Environmental prevention - Answers improving the safety of the environment (fluoridating water, banning smoking in public, clean air acts, building green spaces) Intervention wheel - Answers illustrates how PHNs improve the health of the individuals, families, communities, and systems Health education - Answers the providing of accurate health information to help people make healthy choices Behaviorism - Answers classical conditioning that is achieved with environmental stimulus resulting in a response (learning based on reward and punishing) Ex. changing a smoking person's desire to smoke by putting a rubber band around their wirst Cognitive learning - Answers inner mental activity with rational thinking, behavior change results from knowlesge that has changed thought patterns Constructivitsm - Answers reflection on own experiences and how everything we do in life affects our experiences Humanism - Answers use of feelings and relationships to encourage the development of personal activities to fulfill one's own potential. Self directed learning (bringing up personal factors such as family) Pedagogy - Answers correct use of teaching strategies to provide the best learning Andragogy - Answers the art and science of teaching adults Health literacy - Answers a person's capacity to learn about and understand basic health information and services, and to use these resources to promote one's health and wellness (must think about individual, group, culture, and language) Universal health literacy precautions - Answers providing patients with information both oral and written that is understandable and easily accessible to persons across all education levels Teaching plan - Answers defines content, provides evaluation structure, determines culture and learning style, adapts plan to meet needs of learners, identifies goals and outcomes What method of learning is most effective for adults? - Answers Experimental Bloom's taxonomy of learning - Answers knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation