Jurisdiction Week 1
Was Mr. X under the jurisdiction of state Y?
1. Was there territorial jurisdiction?
a. Art. 2(1) ICCPR is important
2. If not, was there extraterritorial jurisdiction?
a. Personal model (Jaloud v. Netherlands)
i. Physical power and control over a person > blocking an entrance
for example
b. Spatial model
i. Effective control over an area
ii. Strength of military presence
iii. To what extent was there military, economic and political support?
3. No death penalty!
Right to life Week 1
Has state Y violated the right to life in art. 6 of the ICCPR?
1. Deprivation:
a. Intentional or otherwise foreseeable and preventable life-terminating
harm or injury;
b. That is caused by an act or omission
2. Arbitrary:
a. Inconsistent with international or domestic law;
b. Or was the use of force unreasonable, unnecessary and
disproportionate?
3. Does the death-penalty apply in this case?
, State responsibility Week 1
Can a State be held accountable for the action?
1. Art 1 ARSIWA: every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the
international responsibility of that State.
2. Art 2 ARSIWA: there is an internationally wrongful act of a State when
conduct consisting of an action or omission
a. Is attributable to the State under international law
b. Constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State
3. Is er sprake van een doen of nalaten van een op een staat rustende
verplichting onder art 12 ARSIWA
4. Is deze handeling toerekenbaar aan de staat?
a. Handelingen van staatsorganen: art 4 of 7 ARSIWA
b. In beginsel worden handelingen van particulieren niet toegerekend aan
de staat, tenzij:
i. Art 5: private entiteit die is ingeschakeld door de staat voor
uitvoering van publieke taken
ii. Art 8: private persoon waaraan de staat instructies geeft of
controle over uitoefent “effective control”
iii. Art 11: private persoon van wie de staat de handeling achteraf
aanvaardt en erkent als ware het zijn eigen handeling
5. Is er sprake van een rechtvaardigingsgrond?
a. Consent, self-defence, countermeasures, force majeure, distress,
necessity
Right to self-defence Week 2
Does a state have the right to self-defence?
1. Exception on the use of force, art 2(4) and art 51 UN Charter
2. Individual self-defence
a. Armed attack
i. Required a certain threshold
ii. Could be carried out by regular armed forces, but also by private
actors, but have to be “of such gravity as to amount to an actual
armed attack by regular forces”
b. Necessity & proportionality
c. Security Council Notification
3. Collective self-defence (extra requirements)
a. Victim state has to declare itself to be a victim of an armed attack
b. Victim state has to actually request assistance
Was Mr. X under the jurisdiction of state Y?
1. Was there territorial jurisdiction?
a. Art. 2(1) ICCPR is important
2. If not, was there extraterritorial jurisdiction?
a. Personal model (Jaloud v. Netherlands)
i. Physical power and control over a person > blocking an entrance
for example
b. Spatial model
i. Effective control over an area
ii. Strength of military presence
iii. To what extent was there military, economic and political support?
3. No death penalty!
Right to life Week 1
Has state Y violated the right to life in art. 6 of the ICCPR?
1. Deprivation:
a. Intentional or otherwise foreseeable and preventable life-terminating
harm or injury;
b. That is caused by an act or omission
2. Arbitrary:
a. Inconsistent with international or domestic law;
b. Or was the use of force unreasonable, unnecessary and
disproportionate?
3. Does the death-penalty apply in this case?
, State responsibility Week 1
Can a State be held accountable for the action?
1. Art 1 ARSIWA: every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the
international responsibility of that State.
2. Art 2 ARSIWA: there is an internationally wrongful act of a State when
conduct consisting of an action or omission
a. Is attributable to the State under international law
b. Constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State
3. Is er sprake van een doen of nalaten van een op een staat rustende
verplichting onder art 12 ARSIWA
4. Is deze handeling toerekenbaar aan de staat?
a. Handelingen van staatsorganen: art 4 of 7 ARSIWA
b. In beginsel worden handelingen van particulieren niet toegerekend aan
de staat, tenzij:
i. Art 5: private entiteit die is ingeschakeld door de staat voor
uitvoering van publieke taken
ii. Art 8: private persoon waaraan de staat instructies geeft of
controle over uitoefent “effective control”
iii. Art 11: private persoon van wie de staat de handeling achteraf
aanvaardt en erkent als ware het zijn eigen handeling
5. Is er sprake van een rechtvaardigingsgrond?
a. Consent, self-defence, countermeasures, force majeure, distress,
necessity
Right to self-defence Week 2
Does a state have the right to self-defence?
1. Exception on the use of force, art 2(4) and art 51 UN Charter
2. Individual self-defence
a. Armed attack
i. Required a certain threshold
ii. Could be carried out by regular armed forces, but also by private
actors, but have to be “of such gravity as to amount to an actual
armed attack by regular forces”
b. Necessity & proportionality
c. Security Council Notification
3. Collective self-defence (extra requirements)
a. Victim state has to declare itself to be a victim of an armed attack
b. Victim state has to actually request assistance
