The copyright information in a book is located in the front matter, usually on the back of the
title page (known as the verso page)
An appendix is a supplementary section at the end of a document, book, or research paper
containing supporting material too detailed or bulky for the main text, such as raw data, charts,
or maps
Bibliography: A list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, typically printed as an
appendix at the end of the book.
Indexes are alphabetized lists of key details and concepts, such as names, and provide page
number references. The index tends to be at the back of a book.
Thesaurus: Synonyms and antonyms of words.
Tables of contents are in the front of the book. They list chapters/sections in order at the front of
a document for a high-level overview.
The glossary is a dictionary of alphabetized list of key terms, sometimes with de nitions
provided. This resource also tends to be at the back of a book.
Headings and subheadings are some of the most common text features authors use to help
readers understand how a text is organized.
Heading is usually the title, and subheadings go under. INTRODUCES TOPIC OR MAIN
THEME
SUBHEADING: PROVIDES ADDITIONAL DETAILS MORE SPECIFIC TO THE TOPIC.
For example: SUMMER STAFF BARBECUE (heading) Location and Time/ Eligibility
(subheading)
These features break up the text and organize it by main idea and topic. The heading and
subheadings indicate the main idea or topic each section covers. If you need to nd relevant
information in a text quickly, you can skim the headings and subheadings, looking for the topic
you want to nd, and go directly to that section for the information
you need.
Sidebar: Text feature that is set apart from the main body of a text; often includes additional
information, charts, graphs, and/or images. May include a picture of the topic along with a detail.
Legend: Map feature that explains symbols and other elements that represent information on the
map, such as routes, populations, and capital cities.
Footnotes are often used in informational texts to offer readers more in-depth information about
a topic. Texts that use footnotes usually use numbers in superscript. Example: Dr. Benjamin F.
Wells will be the special speaker at the graduation ceremony^4…….The example indicates that
at the bottom of this page, readers can nd additional information about this statement next to the
number 4.
That 4 is called a superscript: Small characters, usually numbers, set slightly above a line of
text; used to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that provides additional information about a
topic.
Tertiary source: A compilation of primary and secondary sources
Peer-reviewed journal: Published writings that have been analyzed by experts in the eld.
Primary source: AUTHORITATIVE A rsthand document or source created at the time in
question. EX: Autobiographies, letters, diaries, original photographs, government records, a
speech…
Secondary source :PERSUASIVE Secondhand account of events EX: Encyclopedia,
Biographies, Dictionary, TV documentary, textbooks, newspaper articles…
fi fi fi fi fi fi
, The term “point of view” refers to the author’s narrative voice— rst person, second person, or
third
person.
The term “viewpoint” refers to an author’s opinions or beliefs about a topic. To identify point of
view, determine whether the author is a participant in the text. If so, the author will use rst-
person pronouns such as “I,” “me,” or “we.”
Connotation: An implied meaning of a word or idea created by the emotions and assumptions
attached to it.
Determining the tone of a text is only one way to identify biases and stereotypes. Stereotypes
reveal themselves through stock characters or general, super cial ideas that stand in for real
people and things. Stereotypes drop people, ideas, and events into simpli ed categories.
Root word: A word element, or morpheme, from which other words are built.
A word’s denotative meaning is the meaning that appears in a dictionary, while its connotative
meaning includes the emotions and assumptions attached to it.
Ultimately, the tone (the author’s feelings toward the subject) affects the mood (the reader’s
feelings elicited from the text).
Metaphor: Comparison between unlike things without using “like” or “as
Simile: Comparison between unlike things using “like” or “as
Personi cation: Giving human attributes to something nonhuman
A writer should provide clear reasoning and credible evidence to support why their claim should
be accepted by readers as true or valid.
Claim: MAIN ARGUMENT
Counterclaim: CHALLENGE THE CLAIM. A con icting opinion that an author acknowledges
and responds to when making an argument.
Quantitative data on the number of people who report having a good experience using a
particular service might produce dry reading for the audience. Such data can be enriched by
qualitative data in the form of interviews with people describing the service and how they
bene ted from it.
A prediction uses details from a text to speculate about what will happen next.
An inference combines text details with a reader’s background knowledge to ll in gaps of
information in the text.
Topic Sentence: FIRST sentence of every paragraph
Main Idea: LAST sentence of FIRST paragraph
Supporting Details: Found in the same paragraph as the topic sentence
Summary: The FIRST sentence of the LAST paragraph
Explicit info: There in the text
Implicit info: NOT THERE INFERRED.
Objective information is based on veri able facts, evidence, and unbiased observations,
independent of personal feelings.
Subjective information is shaped by personal beliefs, emotions, experiences, and opinions.
INFORMATIVE WRITING: Facts and information from news articles and encyclopedia. Ex:
the amazon rainforest spans over 2.1 million square miles, housing different animals.
Descriptive Writing: Creating a descriptive picture for the reader. Ex: The sunset painted the sky
with hues of pink, blue, yellow and purple casting a warm glow.
Persuasive Writing: Trying to convince the reader: Ex: Implementing school uniforms will
signi cantly help bullying in schools.
fi fi fi fl fi fi fi fi fi
, Expository: History book, textbook… Explaining or clarifying ideas like steps in a process or
explaining a concept. Ex: Photosynethis in plants involves conveying sunlight into energy, using
water and carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen…
Narrative writing is the art of storytelling, encompassing any written account of connected
events, whether ctional (novels, plays, fairy tales) or non ctional (memoirs, biographies, news
articles)
Theme: A signi cant concept in a story. The moral of the story.
ETHOS: ETHICAL; Credibility and reliability. Earns the audiences trust.
PATHOS: EMOTIONAL CONNECTION: Taps into the audiences emotions. Encouraging a
belief
LOGOS: LOGIC; Well reasoning.
A PERIODICAL INDEX: Can be used to nd journal articles on a speci c topic.
A PUBLICATION PAGE CONTAINS COPY RIGHT INFO FOR A BOOK.
APPENDIX INCLUDES SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION TO THE TEXT. (GRAPHS CHARTS ETC…)
Noun: Person, place, thing… EX: Common noun: boy, girl, school, worker, cat… Proper nouns
are CAPITALIZED: New York City. Earth. Lincoln Memorial
Pronoun: In front of a noun. EX: You, he, she, it…
Adjective: A word that modi es a noun. EX: the THIRD suit is my favorite. I am going to buy
FOUR pairs of socks.
Verb: Action or being EX: Runs, “Go” She reads. She PLAYS the piano.
Adverb: Modi es a verb. Answers, where, when, why, or how. EX: He walks QUICKLY
through the school. The water ows QUIETLY in the river. He is NEVER angry.
Preposition: A word before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and
another word in the sentence. EX: about, after, before, during, under, on, beneath, for, over, past,
without, among, around, at, against, down, between, through… EX: The napkin is IN the drawer.
The needle is BENEATH the haystack.
Articles: DEFINITE THE
Articles: INDEFINITE A OR AN
Superlative Degree: Compared more than two people or things. EX: He arrives the SOONEST
of the group. She speaks the MOST SOFTLY out of the class.
Comparative Degree: Compares ONE person or thing to another. EX: He carries SOONER than
Sarah.
Coordinating conjunction: connect equal parts of sentences. EX: and, but, yet, or, nor, for, and
so. EX: The rock was small, BUT it was heavy. He drove in the night, AND she drove in the day.
Correlative conjunction: Show the connection between two parts: EX: either, neither, nor, or,
not only… EX: EITHER you’re coming, or your not. He NOT ONLY ran three miles but also
swam 200 miles.
Subordinative Conjunction: Join dependent clauses with independent clauses. EX: I am hungry
BECAUSE I did not eat breakfast. He went home WHEN everyone left.
Interjections: Words of exclamation… EX: Hey! Oh, Ouch! Wow! Please!
Subject vs Predicate: subject tells what the simple sentence is about, and the predicate explains
or describes the subject.EX He sings. John and Jane sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall.
John and Jane are the subjects; sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall is the predicate.
fififi fi fl fi fi fi
title page (known as the verso page)
An appendix is a supplementary section at the end of a document, book, or research paper
containing supporting material too detailed or bulky for the main text, such as raw data, charts,
or maps
Bibliography: A list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, typically printed as an
appendix at the end of the book.
Indexes are alphabetized lists of key details and concepts, such as names, and provide page
number references. The index tends to be at the back of a book.
Thesaurus: Synonyms and antonyms of words.
Tables of contents are in the front of the book. They list chapters/sections in order at the front of
a document for a high-level overview.
The glossary is a dictionary of alphabetized list of key terms, sometimes with de nitions
provided. This resource also tends to be at the back of a book.
Headings and subheadings are some of the most common text features authors use to help
readers understand how a text is organized.
Heading is usually the title, and subheadings go under. INTRODUCES TOPIC OR MAIN
THEME
SUBHEADING: PROVIDES ADDITIONAL DETAILS MORE SPECIFIC TO THE TOPIC.
For example: SUMMER STAFF BARBECUE (heading) Location and Time/ Eligibility
(subheading)
These features break up the text and organize it by main idea and topic. The heading and
subheadings indicate the main idea or topic each section covers. If you need to nd relevant
information in a text quickly, you can skim the headings and subheadings, looking for the topic
you want to nd, and go directly to that section for the information
you need.
Sidebar: Text feature that is set apart from the main body of a text; often includes additional
information, charts, graphs, and/or images. May include a picture of the topic along with a detail.
Legend: Map feature that explains symbols and other elements that represent information on the
map, such as routes, populations, and capital cities.
Footnotes are often used in informational texts to offer readers more in-depth information about
a topic. Texts that use footnotes usually use numbers in superscript. Example: Dr. Benjamin F.
Wells will be the special speaker at the graduation ceremony^4…….The example indicates that
at the bottom of this page, readers can nd additional information about this statement next to the
number 4.
That 4 is called a superscript: Small characters, usually numbers, set slightly above a line of
text; used to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that provides additional information about a
topic.
Tertiary source: A compilation of primary and secondary sources
Peer-reviewed journal: Published writings that have been analyzed by experts in the eld.
Primary source: AUTHORITATIVE A rsthand document or source created at the time in
question. EX: Autobiographies, letters, diaries, original photographs, government records, a
speech…
Secondary source :PERSUASIVE Secondhand account of events EX: Encyclopedia,
Biographies, Dictionary, TV documentary, textbooks, newspaper articles…
fi fi fi fi fi fi
, The term “point of view” refers to the author’s narrative voice— rst person, second person, or
third
person.
The term “viewpoint” refers to an author’s opinions or beliefs about a topic. To identify point of
view, determine whether the author is a participant in the text. If so, the author will use rst-
person pronouns such as “I,” “me,” or “we.”
Connotation: An implied meaning of a word or idea created by the emotions and assumptions
attached to it.
Determining the tone of a text is only one way to identify biases and stereotypes. Stereotypes
reveal themselves through stock characters or general, super cial ideas that stand in for real
people and things. Stereotypes drop people, ideas, and events into simpli ed categories.
Root word: A word element, or morpheme, from which other words are built.
A word’s denotative meaning is the meaning that appears in a dictionary, while its connotative
meaning includes the emotions and assumptions attached to it.
Ultimately, the tone (the author’s feelings toward the subject) affects the mood (the reader’s
feelings elicited from the text).
Metaphor: Comparison between unlike things without using “like” or “as
Simile: Comparison between unlike things using “like” or “as
Personi cation: Giving human attributes to something nonhuman
A writer should provide clear reasoning and credible evidence to support why their claim should
be accepted by readers as true or valid.
Claim: MAIN ARGUMENT
Counterclaim: CHALLENGE THE CLAIM. A con icting opinion that an author acknowledges
and responds to when making an argument.
Quantitative data on the number of people who report having a good experience using a
particular service might produce dry reading for the audience. Such data can be enriched by
qualitative data in the form of interviews with people describing the service and how they
bene ted from it.
A prediction uses details from a text to speculate about what will happen next.
An inference combines text details with a reader’s background knowledge to ll in gaps of
information in the text.
Topic Sentence: FIRST sentence of every paragraph
Main Idea: LAST sentence of FIRST paragraph
Supporting Details: Found in the same paragraph as the topic sentence
Summary: The FIRST sentence of the LAST paragraph
Explicit info: There in the text
Implicit info: NOT THERE INFERRED.
Objective information is based on veri able facts, evidence, and unbiased observations,
independent of personal feelings.
Subjective information is shaped by personal beliefs, emotions, experiences, and opinions.
INFORMATIVE WRITING: Facts and information from news articles and encyclopedia. Ex:
the amazon rainforest spans over 2.1 million square miles, housing different animals.
Descriptive Writing: Creating a descriptive picture for the reader. Ex: The sunset painted the sky
with hues of pink, blue, yellow and purple casting a warm glow.
Persuasive Writing: Trying to convince the reader: Ex: Implementing school uniforms will
signi cantly help bullying in schools.
fi fi fi fl fi fi fi fi fi
, Expository: History book, textbook… Explaining or clarifying ideas like steps in a process or
explaining a concept. Ex: Photosynethis in plants involves conveying sunlight into energy, using
water and carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen…
Narrative writing is the art of storytelling, encompassing any written account of connected
events, whether ctional (novels, plays, fairy tales) or non ctional (memoirs, biographies, news
articles)
Theme: A signi cant concept in a story. The moral of the story.
ETHOS: ETHICAL; Credibility and reliability. Earns the audiences trust.
PATHOS: EMOTIONAL CONNECTION: Taps into the audiences emotions. Encouraging a
belief
LOGOS: LOGIC; Well reasoning.
A PERIODICAL INDEX: Can be used to nd journal articles on a speci c topic.
A PUBLICATION PAGE CONTAINS COPY RIGHT INFO FOR A BOOK.
APPENDIX INCLUDES SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION TO THE TEXT. (GRAPHS CHARTS ETC…)
Noun: Person, place, thing… EX: Common noun: boy, girl, school, worker, cat… Proper nouns
are CAPITALIZED: New York City. Earth. Lincoln Memorial
Pronoun: In front of a noun. EX: You, he, she, it…
Adjective: A word that modi es a noun. EX: the THIRD suit is my favorite. I am going to buy
FOUR pairs of socks.
Verb: Action or being EX: Runs, “Go” She reads. She PLAYS the piano.
Adverb: Modi es a verb. Answers, where, when, why, or how. EX: He walks QUICKLY
through the school. The water ows QUIETLY in the river. He is NEVER angry.
Preposition: A word before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and
another word in the sentence. EX: about, after, before, during, under, on, beneath, for, over, past,
without, among, around, at, against, down, between, through… EX: The napkin is IN the drawer.
The needle is BENEATH the haystack.
Articles: DEFINITE THE
Articles: INDEFINITE A OR AN
Superlative Degree: Compared more than two people or things. EX: He arrives the SOONEST
of the group. She speaks the MOST SOFTLY out of the class.
Comparative Degree: Compares ONE person or thing to another. EX: He carries SOONER than
Sarah.
Coordinating conjunction: connect equal parts of sentences. EX: and, but, yet, or, nor, for, and
so. EX: The rock was small, BUT it was heavy. He drove in the night, AND she drove in the day.
Correlative conjunction: Show the connection between two parts: EX: either, neither, nor, or,
not only… EX: EITHER you’re coming, or your not. He NOT ONLY ran three miles but also
swam 200 miles.
Subordinative Conjunction: Join dependent clauses with independent clauses. EX: I am hungry
BECAUSE I did not eat breakfast. He went home WHEN everyone left.
Interjections: Words of exclamation… EX: Hey! Oh, Ouch! Wow! Please!
Subject vs Predicate: subject tells what the simple sentence is about, and the predicate explains
or describes the subject.EX He sings. John and Jane sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall.
John and Jane are the subjects; sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall is the predicate.
fififi fi fl fi fi fi
