AP Biology | Advanced Placement Biology | solution manual | instructor guide | cell biology | genetics | evolution | ecology | biochemical processes | AP exam preparation | study guide | teaching resource

This document contains the instructor solution manual for AP® Biology (Parts 1 & 2), providing detailed solutions and explanations aligned with Advanced Placement Biology curriculum topics. It covers key areas such as cellular biology, genetics, evolution, ecology, and biochemical processes. The material is designed to support structured teaching and exam preparation through comprehensive solution guidance and concept reinforcement. AP® Biology Instructor Solution Manual Part 1&2 Table of Contents – Part 1 1 | The Study of Life .............................................................................................................. 1 Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................1 Critical Thinking Questions........................................................................................................................................4 Test Prep for AP® Courses .........................................................................................................................................6 2 | The Chemical Foundation of Life....................................................................................... 9 Review Questions......................................................................................................................................................9 Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................14 Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................................................................18 Science Practice Challenge Questions .....................................................................................................................20 3 | Biological Macromolecules............................................................................................. 25 Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................25 Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................34 Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................................................................41 Science Practice Challenge Questions .....................................................................................................................48 4 | Cell Structure ................................................................................................................. 59 Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................59 Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................66 ii Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................................................................72 Science Practice Challenge Questions .....................................................................................................................77 5 | Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes ............................................................... 86 Review Questions....................................................................................................................................................86 Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................................................................90 Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................................................................96 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................101 6 | Metabolism ................................................................................................................. 106 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................106 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................115 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................122 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................126 7 | Cellular Respiration...................................................................................................... 137 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................137 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................144 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................150 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................156 8 | Photosynthesis............................................................................................................. 164 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................164 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................169 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................174 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................180 9 | Cell Communication ..................................................................................................... 187 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................187 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................192 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................198 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................202 10 | Cell Reproduction....................................................................................................... 209 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................209 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................214 iv Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................218 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................226 11 | Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction............................................................................... 230 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................230 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................233 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................238 Science Practice Challenge Questions ......................................................................................................................... 12 | Mendel's Experiments and Heredity ........................................................................... 241 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................241 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................247 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................250 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................255 13| Modern Understandings of Inheritance ....................................................................... 266 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................266 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................269 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................271 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................276 14 | DNA Structure and Function ....................................................................................... 281 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................281 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................291 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................303 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................312 15 | Genes and Proteins .................................................................................................... 320 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................320 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................326 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................332 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................336 16 | Gene Regulation......................................................................................................... 346 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................346 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................352 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................359 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................367 17 | Biotechnology and Genomics ..................................................................................... 369 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................369 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................376 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................381 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................384 18 | Evolution and Origin of Species .................................................................................. 389 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................389 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................395 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................404 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................423 19 | The Evolution of Populations...................................................................................... 434 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................434 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................438 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................444 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................452 20 | Evolutionary Relationships of Life on Earth................................................................. 459 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................459 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................466 vi Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................469 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................479 21 | Viruses....................................................................................................................... 486 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................486 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................493 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................498 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................504 22 | Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea............................................................................. 510 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................510 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................520 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................531 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................542 23 | Plant Form and Physiology ......................................................................................... 553 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................553 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................570 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................582 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................590 24 | The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function................................................................. 602 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................602 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................607 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................612 25 | Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System................................................................. 623 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................623 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................631 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................639 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................650 26 | The Nervous System................................................................................................... 652 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................652 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................654 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................657 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................668 27 | Sensory Systems......................................................................................................... 680 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................680 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................688 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................696 28 | The Endocrine System ................................................................................................ 701 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................701 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................710 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................717 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................725 29 | The Musculoskeletal System....................................................................................... 731 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................731 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................738 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................743 30 | The Respiratory System.............................................................................................. 748 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................748 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................753 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................758 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................764 viii Table of Contents – Part 1 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. 31 | The Circulatory System............................................................................................... 766 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................766 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................776 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................780 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................785 32 | Osmotic Regulation and Excretion .............................................................................. 791 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................791 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................798 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................807 33 | The Immune System................................................................................................... 823 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................823 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................831 Test Prep for AP® Courses .....................................................................................................................................838 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................848 34 | Animal Reproduction and Development..................................................................... 852 Review Questions..................................................................................................................................................852 Critical Thinking Questions....................................................................................................................................861 Test Prep for AP ® Courses ....................................................................................................................................869 Science Practice Challenge Questions ...................................................................................................................878 Table of Contents – Part 2 35 | Ecology and the Biosphere ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Review Questions....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual Copyright 2025, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. This ancillary resource is intended for instructor use only and may not be uploaded, redistributed, or reproduced without written approval by OpenStax. Science Practice Challenge Questions ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 36 | Population and Community Ecology .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Review Questions....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Science Practice Challenge Questions ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 37 | Ecosystems ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Review Questions....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Science Practice Challenge Questions ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 38 | Conservation Biology and Biodiversity..................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Review Questions....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Critical Thinking Questions......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Test Prep for AP® Courses .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1 | The Study of Life 1 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual 1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called? A Discovery B Hypothesis C Scientific method D Theory Solution The solution is (B). A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an event. 2 Which branch of science is NOT considered a natural science? A Astronomy B Biology C Computer science D Physics Solution The solution is (C). Computer science is a practical and scientific approach to computation and its application. It is not considered a natural science. 3 What is the name for the formal process through which scientific research is checked for originality, significance, and quality before being accepted into the scientific literature? A Publication B Public speaking C Peer review D Scientific method Solution The solution is (C). Peer review is the process in which scientific papers are reviewed by experts in the scientist’s field to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough. 4 What are (i) two topics that are likely to be studied by biologists and (ii) two areas of scientific study that would fall outside the realm of biology? A (i) diseases affecting humans, pollution affecting species’ habitat; (ii) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits B (i) calculating surface area of rectangular ground, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution 2 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual C (i) plant responses to external stimuli, functioning of planetary orbits; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution D (i) plant responses to external stimuli, study of the shape and motion of physical objects; (ii) formation of metamorphic rocks, galaxy formation and evolution Solution The solution is (A). Diseases affecting humans and pollution affecting species are two topics that can be studied by biologists, while calculating the surface area of a rectangular plot of land and the function of planetary orbits are two topics that fall outside of the realm of biology. 5 Which statement is an example of deductive reasoning? A Most swimming animals use fins; therefore, fins are an adaptation to swimming. B Mitochondria are inherited from the mother; therefore, maternally inherited traits are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. C Small animals lose more heat than larger animals. One would not expect to find wild mice in the North and South Poles. D Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. Large leaves increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. Solution The solution is (D). Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. On plants, broad, thin leaves lose more water to evaporation than smaller, thicker leaves. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves. The answer best demonstrates how a general principle or law is used to forecast specific results. 6 Why are viruses NOT considered living? A Viruses are not made of cells. B Viruses do not have genetic material. C Viruses have DNA and RNA. D Viruses are obligate parasites and require a host. Solution The solution is (A). Viruses are not made up of cells. They are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Biologists characterize living organisms as being composed of cells. 7 The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of what? A Bacteria B Eukaryotic cells C All living organisms D Prokaryotic cells Solution The solution is (B). Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells contain a membranebound nucleus. 1 | The Study of Life 3 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual 8 What is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area called? A A community B An ecosystem C A family D A population Solution The solution is (D). A population is a group of individuals that belong to the same species, live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability to interbreed. 9 Which sequence represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level? A Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism B Organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population C Organism, organ, tissue, organelle, molecule D Organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ Solution The solution is (A). The biosphere is the highest level, which is the most inclusive, and the organism is the lowest level and least inclusive in the given hierarchy. 10 Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently? A At the base B At the nodes C At the branch tips D Within the branches Solution The solution is (C). The "tips" of the tree branches represent the recently evolved taxa. 11 What is a characteristic that is NOT present in all living things? A Homeostasis and regulation B Metabolism C Nucleus containing DNA D Reproduction Solution The solution is (C). A nucleus containing DNA is not present in all living organisms. 4 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 12 Is mathematics a natural science? Explain your reasoning. A No, it is not a natural science because it is not used in the study of the natural world. B No, it is not a natural science. Mathematics focuses on understanding mathematical relations and calculations, which is useful in natural sciences but which is distinct. C Yes, it is a natural science. Mathematics deals with verifying the experimental data. D Yes, it is a natural science. It uses chemical and physical measurements. Solution The solution is (B). No, it is not a natural science. Mathematics does not involve measuring aspects of the natural world. 13 Although the scientific method is used by most of the sciences, it can also be applied to everyday situations. A situation is given below. Using the scientific method try to arrange the given steps in the correct order. Situation: 1. If the car doesn’t start the problem might be in the battery. 2. Car doesn’t start. 3. After changing the battery. Car starts working. 4. The car should start after charging the battery or changing the battery. 5. The car doesn’t start because the battery is dead. 6. The car doesn’t start even after charging the battery, the battery must have stopped working. A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 C 2, 1, 5, 4, 6, 3 D 2, 1, 5, 6, 3, 4 Solution The solution is (C). 2, 1, 5, 4, 6, 3 is the correct sequence of the situation given. 14 Read questions 1 through 4. Question 1. Is macaroni and cheese tastier than broccoli soup? Question 2. Are hummingbirds attracted to the color red? Question 3. Is the moon made out of green cheese? Question 4. Is plagiarism dishonest? Which questions lend themselves to investigation using scientific methods? In other words, is the hypothesis falsifiable (can be proven false)? 1 | The Study of Life 5 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual A Questions 1 and 2 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 3 and 4 can be tested using scientific methods. B Questions 3 and 4 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 1 and 2 can be tested using scientific methods. C Questions 1 and 3 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 2 and 4 can be tested using scientific methods. D Questions 1 and 4 are subjective and cannot be disproven using scientific methods. Questions 2 and 3 can be tested using scientific methods. Solution The solution is (D). Questions 1 and 4 are subjective because taste, dishonesty, and plagiarism are subjective, whereas questions 2 and 3 can be tested using scientific methods. The hypotheses for questions 2 and 3 are falsifiable (can be disproven). 15 Consider the levels of organization of the biological world and place each of these items in order from narrowest level of organization to most encompassing: skin cell, elephant, water molecule, planet Earth, tropical rain forest, hydrogen atom, wolf pack, liver. A Hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth B Hydrogen atom, skin cell, water molecule, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth C Hydrogen atom, skin cell, water molecule, liver, wolf pack, elephant, tropical rain forest, planet Earth D Water molecule, hydrogen atom, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rain forest, planet Earth Solution The solution is (A). The narrowest level of organization to the most-encompassing is: hydrogen atom, water molecule, skin cell, liver, elephant, wolf pack, tropical rainforest, planet Earth. 16 What scientific evidence did Carl Woese use to determine that there should be a separate domain for Archaea? A A sequence of DNA B A sequence of rRNA C A sequence of mRNA D A sequence of tRNA Solution The solution is (B). Woese used sequences of rRNA as evidence to determine that there should be a separate domain for Archaea. 17 Both astronomy and astrology study the stars. Which one is considered a natural science? Explain your reasoning. 6 1 | The Study of Life Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual A Astrology is a natural science because it indirectly influences human affairs and the natural world. B Astronomy is a natural science because it deals with observations and predictions of events in the sky, which are based on the laws of physics. C Astrology is a natural science because it deals with observations and predictions of events in the sky, and influences human affairs and the natural world. D Astrology is a natural science because it deals with the study of asteroids and comets, which is based on the laws of natural sciences. Solution The solution is (B). Astrology does involve observations of celestial bodies, but it is a way to predict human affairs based on astronomical data that do not rely on testable hypotheses. Astronomy is the science of observing, measuring, and predicting events in space based on past observations and the laws of physics. TEST PREP FOR AP® COURSES 18 Which structure is conserved in all living organisms and points to a common origin? A All living organisms have mitochondria that produce energy. B All living organisms store genetic material in DNA/RNA. C All living organisms use the energy from sunlight. D All living organisms have a nucleus. Solution The solution is (B). This is true of all organisms and, therefore, logically suggests a common origin. 19 Which statement is the strongest argument in favor of two organisms, A and B, being closely related evolutionarily? A A and B look alike. B A and B live in the same ecosystem. C A and B use the same metabolic pathways. D The DNA sequences of A and B are highly homologous. Solution The solution is (D). All living organisms store genetic material in DNA/RNA so this is one of the strongest ways to probe for similarities. 20 In the phylogenetic tree shown, which organism is most distantly related to organism 2? 1 | The Study of Life 7 Advanced Placement Biology Instructor’s Solution Manual A Organism 1 B Organism 3 C Organism 4 D Organism 5 Solution The solution is (D). Organism 5 is most distantly related to organism 2 as it is evident in the phylogenetic tree that 5 diverged from the main branch much earlier than rest of the organisms. 21 In the phylogenetic tree shown, which organism is the most recent common ancestor of organisms 1 and 3?