ANSC 221 | animal science | animal physiology | animal nutrition | animal reproduction | genetics | livestock production | animal management | exam review | study guide | practice questions | agriculture science

This document contains comprehensive exam material for ANSC 221, covering core concepts in animal science. It includes topics such as animal physiology, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, growth and development, livestock production systems, and basic animal management practices. The material is designed to support structured exam preparation through full-course review and practice questions across all major ANSC 221 topics. in proximate analysis, how is fat determined and what is it called? - ANS-ether extract what is a newer, faster method of analysis than proximate analysis? - ANS-NIRS What is a term for improved fiber determination that represents the cell wall material? - ANS-NDF In proximate analysis carbohydrates are in what fractions? - ANS-CF & NFE What (in words) does TDN represent? - ANS-Energy on a carbohydrate basis what additional info do you have to know in order to calculate net energy that you have to know to calculate metabolize energy? - ANS-heat increment what is the term for expressing the portion of retained nitrogen expressed as a percentage of digested nitrogen? - ANS-Biological Value What is the characteristic of the feed that most effects the value (in regards to proportion of retained N expressed as a % of digested N)? - ANS-amino acid balance of the protein what part of the cow's stomach functions like the pigs stomach? - ANS-abomasum what part of the cow's stomach is sometimes called the hardware stomach or honeycomb? - ANS-reticulum what part of the cow's stomach prevents food from leaving the rumen until particle size is small enough? - ANS-omasum what part of the cow's stomach is where most fermentation takes place? - ANS-rumen what part of a chicken corresponds to the stomach of a dog? - ANS-proventriculus since a chicken has no teeth, where does particle size reduction take place? - ANS-gizzard where does most of the digestion of the fiber in hay take place in a horse? - ANS-Cecum what is the standard test weight (lbs/bu) of corn? - ANS-56 what is the standard test weight (lbs/bu) of wheat? - ANS-48 what is the standard test weight (lbs/bu) of grain sorghum? - ANS-56 what is the standard test weight (lbs/bu) of barley? - ANS-48 what is the standard test weight (lbs/bu) of oats? - ANS-32 what is the effect of test weight on the feeding value of corn? - ANS-test weight has little to no effect on feeding value unless it is extreme What is the effect of foreign material in grain on the feeding value? - ANS-it depends on what the foreign material is on whether it affects feeding value of grain what organism produces deoxynivalenol? - ANS-fusarium rose (gibberella zeae) what organism produces fumonison? - ANS-Fusarium moiliforme what organism produces zearalenone? - ANS-fusarium rose (gibberella zeae) what organism produces aflatoxin? - ANS-Aspregillus flavus What is the major effect of deoxynalenol? - ANS-feed refusal in pigs What is the major effect of fumonison? - ANS-kills horses especially What is the major effect of zearalenone? - ANS-estrogenic effects What is the major effect of aflatoxin? - ANS-deadly and carcinogenic what feed must be toasted to remove trypsin inhibitor? - ANS-soybean what grain is 'bird resistant' due to tannis? - ANS-sorghum what grain is most affected by ergot and likely explains the salem witch trials? - ANS-rye what protein supplement feed often contains gossypol? - ANS-cotton seed meal What protein supplement feed may contain erucic acid and glucosinolates? - ANS-rapeseed what is the most improved protein supplement feed with reduced erucic acid and glucosinolates? - ANS-canola what is improved in Opaque-2 corn compared to normal corn? - ANS-lysine Name three protein supplement feeds that come from plants: - ANS-sunflower, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut, linseed, copra, sesame, rapeseed, canola, camelina Name 3 protein supplement feeds that come from other sources than plants: - ANS-meat meal, meat and bone meal, tankage, milk, dry skim milk, feather meal, poultry byproduct meal, fish meal, but NOT BONE MEAL Name 4 feed grains with feeding value something like corn: - ANS-wheat, barley, oats, grain sorghum, rice, spelt, emmer, buckwheat Name 4 byproduct feeds from the brewing industry or the distilling industry - ANS-Brewer's grains, Brewer's yeast, spent hops, malt sprouts, Distiller's grains, distillers yeast, distillers solubles, DDGS (dry distillers grains with solubles) Name 4 byproduct feeds from the processing of corn or wheat for human food: - ANS-corn bran, wheat bran, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, wheat middlings, SHORTS (white, gray, brown), wheat red dog Name a byproduct feed from the processing of sugar cane or sugar beets? - ANS-molasses How does carb digestion differ in nonruminants vs ruminants? - ANS-nonruminants - digest carbs with its own enzymes to simple sugars ruminants - use microbes to ferment carbs to VFAs How does protein digestion differ in nonruminants vs ruminants? - ANS-nonruminants - uses its own enzymes to digest proteins to amino acids ruminants - microbes ferment DIP protein & build amino acids & microbial protein. UIP escapes fermentation & passes to abomasum & intestines along with microbial protein to be digested by enzymes Where Produced?/What it does?: Trypsin - ANS-pancreas; digest protein Where Produced?/What it does?: Pepsinogen - ANS-stomach; digest protein Where Produced?/What it does?: Carboxypeptidase - ANS-pancreas; digest protein Where Produced?/What it does?: Lipase - ANS-stomach/pancreas; digests fats Where Produced?/What it does?: Amylase - ANS-mouth/pancreas; digest carbs Where Produced?/What it does?: Bicarbonate - ANS-mouth/pancreas; buffers pH Where Produced?/What it does?: Secretin - ANS-small intestine; stimulates movement & secretions Where Produced?/What it does?: Bile - ANS-liver; emulsifies fat Where Produced?/What it does?: Sucrase - ANS-small intestine; digests sucrose Where Produced?/What it does?: Cholecystokinin (CCK) - ANS-small intestine; aids in fat digestion Where Produced?/What it does?: Intrinsic Factor - ANS-stomach; absorbs B12 Where Produced?/What it does?: Rennin - ANS-stomach; coagulates milk which compartment of a cow's stomach is largest? - ANS-rumen what part of cow's stomach produces HCl and pepsin? - ANS-abomasum which organ in the bird receives food eaten and holds and softens feed? - ANS-crop where is bicarbonate produced in the horse? - ANS-mouth what is being analyzed when ether is passed through a sample? - ANS-lipids what is being analyzed when N is determined by Kjeldahl? - ANS-protein what is being analyzed when the sample is boiled in acid and alkali? - ANS-crude fiber what are the newest methods for fiber determination? - ANS-detergent methods, NDF, ADF Which category of energy represents what na animal can actually use for productive purposes? - ANS-Net E what hormone lowers blood sugar by helping get glucose into the cells? - ANS-insulin what hormone stimulates stomach activity? - ANS-gastrin True or False: Microbes in the rumen produce cellulase so it can digest fiber - ANS-TRUE True or False: microbes in the rumen produce cellulase so it can digest lignin - ANS-FALSE True or False: microbes in the rumen break carbs down to simple sugars that are then absorbed - ANS-FALSE; VFAs True or False: microbes in the rumen produce all the B-vitamins cattle normally need - ANS-TRUE True or False: microbes in the rumen break down proteins and use the products to build amino acids, including essential amino acids, to build bacterial protein - ANS-TRUE True or False: microbes in the rumen convert most of the fat in the diet into saturated fatty acids - ANS-TRUE what feed is somewhat laxative and improves hair coat due to mucins it contains? - ANS-linseed which feed is the highest quality & is most abundant protein source from plants for animal feeding in Indiana? - ANS-soybean which feed is an improved variety of rapeseed with lower toxic substances? - ANS-canola which energy fraction contains all the energy obtained when a feed sample is combusted in a Paar Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter? - ANS-gross energy which energy fraction is used fro productive purposes by the animal? - ANS-net energy which energy fraction is obtained by accounting for energy lost in feces and in urine (and gas)? - ANS-Metabolizable energy (ME) For what animals can urea be fed as a source of NPN usefully? - ANS-only ruminant animals what is the lowest theoretical value possible for TDN? - ANS-0 what is the highest theoretical value possible for TDN? - ANS-225 ____ is a dangerous and toxic potential affect of feeding too much urea. - ANS-ammonia ____ is the source of protein that provides for bacterial growth in the cow. - ANS-degradable intake protein (DIP) ____ is a substitute for protein in the feed that provides for bacterial needs for growth. - ANS-non-protein nitrogen (NPN) what feed byproduct from corn is fed to poultry for the yellow color and to dogs for the CP content? - ANS-Corn Gluten Meal What is the main nutritional benefit from feeding corn to animals? - ANS-energy what are two main methods of feed processing for particle size reduction? - ANS-grinding and rolling what is one thing that bacteria does NOT do for the ruminant? - ANS-emulsify and digest fats True or False: a big difference between ruminants and non ruminants is that ruminants rely on VFAs much more for their source of energy - ANS-TRUE what energy value is most likely to be used in birds, DE or ME? - ANS-DE True or False: NFE is calculated by difference from 100 - ANS-TRUE True or False: NFE is mainly sugars and starches - ANS-TRUE True or False: NFE is an index of protein - ANS-FALSE True or False: NDF is a newer method that is an improvement on CF - ANS-TRUE Biological Value is: - ANS-• dependent on digestibility • an indicator of N retained as % of that • dependent on amino acid balance which animal has a split upper lip and can graze closer to the ground than others? - ANS-sheep what is the end product of rumen fermentation of carbs? - ANS-VFAs What is the value of urea to a horse, relative to its value to a cow? - ANS-0% Cattle are able to digest cellulose because: - ANS-they utilize bacteria for fermentation ANSC 221 Exam 2 Questions where is fat digested, primarily, and how? What is needed to do a good job? - ANS-1. occurs in small intestine 2. bile needed to do a good job because it emulsifies that fat which allows enzymes that digest fat to get to it more easily Why don't the protein digesting enzymes digest the cells that make them? - ANS-pepsin is in inactive form when secreted how is carbohydrate digestion different between ruminant and non-ruminant animal - ANS-1. ruminants: the CHO digestion occurs by bacterial metabolism and they are converted to VFA's which are directly absorbed into the blood stream and account for a huge percentage of the energy consumed 2. non ruminants: they are converted to disaccharides and then to monosaccharides in the cell and then used for energy. how is digestion of protein different in the ruminant than the non ruminant? - ANS-1. non ruminant: digestion occurs by pepsin and other pancreatic enzymes secreted in small intestine 2. ruminant: microbes break down, remodel, and manufacture essential amino acids and utilize NPN NPN - ANS-nonprotein nitrogen why is NPN useless to non-ruminants - ANS-it is absorbed in the small intestine and excreted via the kidney, rather than being available in the cecum where it's needed method to determine value of feedstuff - ANS-proximate analysis TDN - ANS-1. total digestible nutrients 2. index of energy on carbohydrate bases 3. digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + digestible EE (2.25) how do we determine value of feedstuff proteins - ANS-determining digestibility and biological value gross energy - ANS-1. all energy in a feed 2. not all available to an animal 3. depends on how much heat is liberated upon combustion digestible energy - ANS-1. energy that does not end up in feces 2. absorbed by animal 3. not all used by animal, some is lost metabolizable energy - ANS-1. energy that is left over after accounting for energy in feces, urine, and gases 2. still not all available for animal to use net energy - ANS-1. energy that is left after accounting for losses to feces, urine, gases, and heat increment 2. energy that is amiable for animal to use heat increment - ANS-energy lost in fermentation and metabolic process why is fat of more value in the summer when it's hot? - ANS-fat has a lower heat increment than carbs how could 2 feeds have same TDN and DE values but be of different energy use to the animal? - ANS-2 feed have different digestibility how could a feed have little protein value even though it has a high biological value - ANS-feed has a low digestibility how could a feed have little protein value even though it's digestibility is high - ANS-feed has a low biological value what does biological value depend on - ANS-essential amino acid balance examples of NPN - ANS-1. urea 2. ammonia who uses NPN - ANS-ruminants why do feed corn to livestock - ANS-1. high in energy 2. low in crude protein and lysine which cereal grains are high in energy - ANS-1. corn 2. wheat and milo and rye 3. barley and oat endogenous - ANS-from the body and does not come from recent food 2 energy systems - ANS-1. TDN 2. calories what is lowest/highest TDN you could have - ANS-0 and 225 how could you determine the endogenous secretion - ANS-1. feed a protein free diet and see how much nitrogen is excreted anyway 2. use isotopes why is digestibility of nitrogen and digestibility of protein the same thing? - ANS-we use N as a measure of protein what losses of nitrogen occur from the body - ANS-1. feces 2. urine 3. gas in ruminants 4. very small: hoof, sweat biological value - ANS-1. index of protein quality determined by proportion of protein retained as a percentage of that digested 2. the amount of EAA available to the animal nitrogen retention - ANS-amount of Nitrogen retained in the body from feed nitrogen balance - ANS-whether the animal is losing or gaining