NRSG 2500 Exam 1 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Are early decelerations bad or good?
Good- They are a "Mirror" image of mother's contractions (they don't technically come early)
Why do early decelerations occur?
pressure on baby's head causes vagal response
interventions for early decelerations
vaginal examination to determine labor progress (baby is coming!)- continue to monitor
what is happening during late decelerations?
uteroplacental oxygen deficiency- Literally comes late after mothers contraction.
interventions for late decelerations
Roll mom onto side, oxygen 8L non-rebreather, fluids, elevate legs to decrease hypotension
variable decelerations are caused by
pressure on the umbilical cord,
interventions for variable decelerations
Discontinue Oxytocin, roll mom side to side, amnioinfusion, Oxygen non-rebreather
prolonged decelerations are caused by
,prolonged uteroplacental deoxygenation-placental abruption, prolapsed cord -prolonged
deceleration is a critical pattern where the fetal heart rate (FHR) drops at least 15 bpm below
baseline for 2 to 10 minutes.
What are the 5 factors that affect the process of birth?
Passenger, passageway, position, power, psychology
passenger
fetus
passageway
birth passage
Types of Pelvis
GYNECOID • Classic female type
ANDROID • Resembling the male pelvis
ANTHROPOID • Oval-shaped • Wider anteroposterior
diameter
PLATYPELLOID -Flat pelvis
powers
,physiological forces of labor-
contractions: Primary & secondary Involuntary & voluntary powers are used to expel the baby &
the placenta from the uterus
Birth and pain
photo
attitude
relationship of fetus body parts to one another
GENERAL FLEXION • Back of the fetus is rounded so that the chin is flexed on the chest,
thighs are flexed on the abdomen & legs are flexed at the knees
BIPARIETAL DIAMETER • 9.25 cm at term, the largest transverse diameter & an important
indicator of fetal head size
SUBOCCIPITOBREGMATIC DIAMETER • Most critical & smallest of the anteroposterior
diameters
lie
how spine of baby corresponds with spine of mother
What is fetal presentation?
Refers to the part of the fetus that first enters the pelvic inlet through the birth canal.
3 most common fetal presentations
, Cephalic( Head- back of head/skull),
Breech (Buttocks,feet, or both-Sacrum)
Shoulder (Shoulders-Scapula)
Position/Station
FETAL STATION • Where the baby's presenting part is located in the pelvis
• Measured in centimeters (cm)
Head, foot, buttocks (closest to exit of uterus)
engagement (baby's dropped, lightening)
ENGAGEMENT • Fetal station zero
= baby is "engaged" • Engaged: Presenting parts have entered down into the pelvic inlet & are at
the ischial spine line (0)
symptoms of engagement in mother
will feel lighter and be able to breathe easier
Nullipara-
Multipara-
• nullipara: 38 weeks
• multipara:
Can happen when labor starts
When are leopold's maneuvers performed?
after 36 weeks to determine baby's position
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Are early decelerations bad or good?
Good- They are a "Mirror" image of mother's contractions (they don't technically come early)
Why do early decelerations occur?
pressure on baby's head causes vagal response
interventions for early decelerations
vaginal examination to determine labor progress (baby is coming!)- continue to monitor
what is happening during late decelerations?
uteroplacental oxygen deficiency- Literally comes late after mothers contraction.
interventions for late decelerations
Roll mom onto side, oxygen 8L non-rebreather, fluids, elevate legs to decrease hypotension
variable decelerations are caused by
pressure on the umbilical cord,
interventions for variable decelerations
Discontinue Oxytocin, roll mom side to side, amnioinfusion, Oxygen non-rebreather
prolonged decelerations are caused by
,prolonged uteroplacental deoxygenation-placental abruption, prolapsed cord -prolonged
deceleration is a critical pattern where the fetal heart rate (FHR) drops at least 15 bpm below
baseline for 2 to 10 minutes.
What are the 5 factors that affect the process of birth?
Passenger, passageway, position, power, psychology
passenger
fetus
passageway
birth passage
Types of Pelvis
GYNECOID • Classic female type
ANDROID • Resembling the male pelvis
ANTHROPOID • Oval-shaped • Wider anteroposterior
diameter
PLATYPELLOID -Flat pelvis
powers
,physiological forces of labor-
contractions: Primary & secondary Involuntary & voluntary powers are used to expel the baby &
the placenta from the uterus
Birth and pain
photo
attitude
relationship of fetus body parts to one another
GENERAL FLEXION • Back of the fetus is rounded so that the chin is flexed on the chest,
thighs are flexed on the abdomen & legs are flexed at the knees
BIPARIETAL DIAMETER • 9.25 cm at term, the largest transverse diameter & an important
indicator of fetal head size
SUBOCCIPITOBREGMATIC DIAMETER • Most critical & smallest of the anteroposterior
diameters
lie
how spine of baby corresponds with spine of mother
What is fetal presentation?
Refers to the part of the fetus that first enters the pelvic inlet through the birth canal.
3 most common fetal presentations
, Cephalic( Head- back of head/skull),
Breech (Buttocks,feet, or both-Sacrum)
Shoulder (Shoulders-Scapula)
Position/Station
FETAL STATION • Where the baby's presenting part is located in the pelvis
• Measured in centimeters (cm)
Head, foot, buttocks (closest to exit of uterus)
engagement (baby's dropped, lightening)
ENGAGEMENT • Fetal station zero
= baby is "engaged" • Engaged: Presenting parts have entered down into the pelvic inlet & are at
the ischial spine line (0)
symptoms of engagement in mother
will feel lighter and be able to breathe easier
Nullipara-
Multipara-
• nullipara: 38 weeks
• multipara:
Can happen when labor starts
When are leopold's maneuvers performed?
after 36 weeks to determine baby's position
