NRSG 2500 TEST- QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Thermoregulation
The process of maintaining core body temperature at a near constant value
Tissue Integrity
Structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues such as the integument and
mucous membranes
Most burns occur...
in the home
Who is at high risk for burn injuries?
young children and the elderly
Causes of burns
Thermal
Radiation
Chemical
Electrical
Smoke and inhalation injury
factors to consider in determining burn depth
How the injury occurred
Causative agent
,Temperature of agent
Duration of contact with the agent
Thickness of the skin
first degree burn
epidermis only. Erythema, dry, blanches with pressure (sunburn) (superficial) painful. No
scarring. Cool compress to treat it. Full function returns.
second degree burns (two types)
superficial partial thickness: up portion of dermis, painful to air, blisters, moist, still Blanch with
pressure, stop the burning no matter the burn, more subject to local infection/cellulites, may have
some pigment changes
deep partial thickness: more of the dermis space, blister, perceptive of pressure only may not hurt
with air (burned up the nerves), scarring is going to be worse, high risk of hypertrophic or
contractures (looks like webbing) (easiest way it grows) (PT/OT involved fast) (help with
contracture risk and maintaining functionality as they can), may need skin grafting
Third degree burn
(full-thickness) burn all the dermis, waxy white to leathery, deep pressure only (burn everything
up including nerve endings), most likely get contractures if not taken care of sooner, skin
grafting
Fourth degree burn
,(full thickness) all the way down to the muscle and bone, black (dry, dull, charred), loss of
sensation, surgical intervention or amputation
Rule of Nines
head 9% for front and back
torso 36% for front and back
arms 9% for front and back
Legs 18% for front and back
Genitals 1%
Palm Method
Your palm counts as 1%
Parkland Formula
4 mL per kg X TBSA%
50% infused in first 8 hours
50% infused the other 16 hours
Goals related to burns
Prevention!
Institution of life-saving measures for the severely burned person
Priorities: Airway (look for inhalation injuries) (burnt nasal hairs, mouth, vocal cord)
, circulation (fluid status/imbalances), monitor & prevent complications, pain
, Prevention of disability and disfigurement through early specialized and individualized
care (contracture prevention)
Rehabilitation through reconstructive surgery and rehabilitation programs
The Healing Process of a Burn
Inflammation: Begins immediately when burn occurs (everything comes to protect the space)
(couple days)
Proliferation: Begins 2-3 days post burn (starts to try to regrow itself)
Remodeling: May last for years (restructure, scarring may become less, gain back function over
time)
Physiological Changes
- Burns less than 20% TBSA produce primarily a local response.
- Burns more than 20% may produce a local and systemic response and are considered major
burns.
- The greatest fluid volume leak occurs in the first 24-36 hours
- decreased cardiac output which means decreased blood pressure due to low circulation
- adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, airway might be damaged = lungs stop
functioning correctly
- Paralytic ileus, ng tube (reduce amount of paralytic ileus, metabolic needs, sepsis, distended
abdomen)
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Thermoregulation
The process of maintaining core body temperature at a near constant value
Tissue Integrity
Structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues such as the integument and
mucous membranes
Most burns occur...
in the home
Who is at high risk for burn injuries?
young children and the elderly
Causes of burns
Thermal
Radiation
Chemical
Electrical
Smoke and inhalation injury
factors to consider in determining burn depth
How the injury occurred
Causative agent
,Temperature of agent
Duration of contact with the agent
Thickness of the skin
first degree burn
epidermis only. Erythema, dry, blanches with pressure (sunburn) (superficial) painful. No
scarring. Cool compress to treat it. Full function returns.
second degree burns (two types)
superficial partial thickness: up portion of dermis, painful to air, blisters, moist, still Blanch with
pressure, stop the burning no matter the burn, more subject to local infection/cellulites, may have
some pigment changes
deep partial thickness: more of the dermis space, blister, perceptive of pressure only may not hurt
with air (burned up the nerves), scarring is going to be worse, high risk of hypertrophic or
contractures (looks like webbing) (easiest way it grows) (PT/OT involved fast) (help with
contracture risk and maintaining functionality as they can), may need skin grafting
Third degree burn
(full-thickness) burn all the dermis, waxy white to leathery, deep pressure only (burn everything
up including nerve endings), most likely get contractures if not taken care of sooner, skin
grafting
Fourth degree burn
,(full thickness) all the way down to the muscle and bone, black (dry, dull, charred), loss of
sensation, surgical intervention or amputation
Rule of Nines
head 9% for front and back
torso 36% for front and back
arms 9% for front and back
Legs 18% for front and back
Genitals 1%
Palm Method
Your palm counts as 1%
Parkland Formula
4 mL per kg X TBSA%
50% infused in first 8 hours
50% infused the other 16 hours
Goals related to burns
Prevention!
Institution of life-saving measures for the severely burned person
Priorities: Airway (look for inhalation injuries) (burnt nasal hairs, mouth, vocal cord)
, circulation (fluid status/imbalances), monitor & prevent complications, pain
, Prevention of disability and disfigurement through early specialized and individualized
care (contracture prevention)
Rehabilitation through reconstructive surgery and rehabilitation programs
The Healing Process of a Burn
Inflammation: Begins immediately when burn occurs (everything comes to protect the space)
(couple days)
Proliferation: Begins 2-3 days post burn (starts to try to regrow itself)
Remodeling: May last for years (restructure, scarring may become less, gain back function over
time)
Physiological Changes
- Burns less than 20% TBSA produce primarily a local response.
- Burns more than 20% may produce a local and systemic response and are considered major
burns.
- The greatest fluid volume leak occurs in the first 24-36 hours
- decreased cardiac output which means decreased blood pressure due to low circulation
- adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, airway might be damaged = lungs stop
functioning correctly
- Paralytic ileus, ng tube (reduce amount of paralytic ileus, metabolic needs, sepsis, distended
abdomen)
