NRSG 2500 - QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED &
REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Factors Affecting Labor
Otherwise known as the five Ps:
Passenger (fetus)
Passageway (the birth passage)
Powers (physiological forces of labor)
Position (relation between fetus and passage)
Psychological considerations
Passenger
Attitude: Relationship of the fetus' body parts to one another. (Baby head should be down and
face the mom spine)
Lie: How the spine of the fetus corresponds with the spine of the mother. (Want complete
flexion) (full extension, poor flexion, shoulder presentation, breech)
Presentation: Part that is encountered first when doing a vaginal exam.
Position: How the part of the fetus corresponds to the mother's pelvis. (ROA is wanted)
Engagement: Fetal presenting part is settled in mother's pelvis.
,Station: Fetal presenting part as it relates to ischial spines (bony prominences) (they represent 0)
(negative means they are more superior) (positive means that we are positive the baby is coming)
Leopold's Maneuver's
leopold's maneuvers are usually performed after 36 weeks by the healthcare provider to
determine the baby's position and estimate their birth weight.
1- feeling buttocks and head
2- palpates on which side the fetal back is located
3- palpating above the symphysis pubis
4- downward pressure in the direction of symphysis pubis
Passeageway
False Pelvis: Outer aspect of pelvic bones.
True Pelvis: Inner space the fetus must progress through.
Progress in Descent: Measured by station.
gynecoid is most favorable
Normal Processes and Stages of Labor "Cardinal Movements"
Engagement
Descent (continuing down the birth canal)
, Flexion (neck is flexing) (has to fit under pelvic bone)
Internal Rotation
Extension
External Rotation (shoulders to be delivered)
Expulsion (the baby is delivered)
“Every Day Fine Infants Enter Eager & Excited”
* Sutures allow the cranial bones to overlap
Powers
Contractions
- Induction of labor:
-Can be done for medical reasons. (Health of mom or baby)
-Can be done for elective reasons. (Insurance, provider)
Methods:
-Amniotomy (go in and break the amino sac)
-Oxytocin (makes contractures stronger)
-Prostaglandin (help with dilation process)
Pushing
Position (Maternal)
REVISED ANSWERS (NEW) 2026.
Factors Affecting Labor
Otherwise known as the five Ps:
Passenger (fetus)
Passageway (the birth passage)
Powers (physiological forces of labor)
Position (relation between fetus and passage)
Psychological considerations
Passenger
Attitude: Relationship of the fetus' body parts to one another. (Baby head should be down and
face the mom spine)
Lie: How the spine of the fetus corresponds with the spine of the mother. (Want complete
flexion) (full extension, poor flexion, shoulder presentation, breech)
Presentation: Part that is encountered first when doing a vaginal exam.
Position: How the part of the fetus corresponds to the mother's pelvis. (ROA is wanted)
Engagement: Fetal presenting part is settled in mother's pelvis.
,Station: Fetal presenting part as it relates to ischial spines (bony prominences) (they represent 0)
(negative means they are more superior) (positive means that we are positive the baby is coming)
Leopold's Maneuver's
leopold's maneuvers are usually performed after 36 weeks by the healthcare provider to
determine the baby's position and estimate their birth weight.
1- feeling buttocks and head
2- palpates on which side the fetal back is located
3- palpating above the symphysis pubis
4- downward pressure in the direction of symphysis pubis
Passeageway
False Pelvis: Outer aspect of pelvic bones.
True Pelvis: Inner space the fetus must progress through.
Progress in Descent: Measured by station.
gynecoid is most favorable
Normal Processes and Stages of Labor "Cardinal Movements"
Engagement
Descent (continuing down the birth canal)
, Flexion (neck is flexing) (has to fit under pelvic bone)
Internal Rotation
Extension
External Rotation (shoulders to be delivered)
Expulsion (the baby is delivered)
“Every Day Fine Infants Enter Eager & Excited”
* Sutures allow the cranial bones to overlap
Powers
Contractions
- Induction of labor:
-Can be done for medical reasons. (Health of mom or baby)
-Can be done for elective reasons. (Insurance, provider)
Methods:
-Amniotomy (go in and break the amino sac)
-Oxytocin (makes contractures stronger)
-Prostaglandin (help with dilation process)
Pushing
Position (Maternal)
