A SOLUTION AND ANSWER GUIDE TO ACCOMPANY
V V V V V V
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUS
v v v
TAINABILITY,
SECOND EDITION S v v
AEED MOAVENI
v
,©v2023,v2018vCengagevLearning® ISBN:v978-0-357-67608-0
Cengage
ALLvRIGHTSvRESERVED.vNovpartvofvthisvworkvcoveredvbyvthevc 200vPierv4vBoulevard
opyrightvhereinvmayvbevreproducedvorvdistributedvinvanyvformvorvb Boston,vMAv02210vUS
yvanyvmeans,vexceptvasvpermittedvbyvU.S.vcopyrightvlaw,vwithoutv A
thevpriorvwrittenvpermissionvofvthevcopyrightvowner,vexceptvasvma
yvbevpermittedvbyvthevlicensevtermsvbelow. CengagevLearningvisvavleadingvprovidervofvcustomizedvlea
rningvsolutionsvwithvemployeesvresidingvinvnearlyv40vdiffer
entvcountriesvandvsalesvinvmorevthanv125vcountriesvaround
vthev world.vFindvyourvlocalvrepresentativevatvwww.cengag
Forvproductvinformationvandvtechnologyvassistance,vcontactvusvat
CengagevLearningvAcademicvResourcevCenter e.com.
,v1-800-423-0563.
Forvpermissionvtovusevmaterialvfromvthisvtextvorvproduct,vsubmit
vallvrequestsvonlinevatvwww.cengage.com/permissions.
Furthervpermissionsvquestionsvcanvbevemailedvto
.
NOTE:vUNDERvNOvCIRCUMSTANCESvMAYvTHISvMATERIALvORvANYvPORTIONvTHEREOFvBEvSOLD,vLICENSED,vAUCTION
ED,vORvOTHERWISEvREDISTRIBUTEDvEXCEPTvASvMAYvBEvPERMITTEDvBYvTHEvLICENSEvTERMSvHEREIN.
READvIMPORTANTvLICENSEvINFORMATION
DearvProfessorvorvOthervSupplementvRecipient: unauthorizedvuse,vreproduction,vorvdistribution.vYourvusevofvthevSu
pplementvindicatesv yourvacceptancevofvthevconditionsvsetvforthvinvt
CengagevLearningvhasvprovidedvyouv withvthisvproductv(thev“Sup hisvAgreement.vIfv youvdovnotvacceptvthesevconditions,vyouvmustvret
plement”)vforvyourvreviewv and,vtovthevextentvthatvyouvadoptvthev urnvthevSupplementvunusedv withinv30vdaysvofvreceipt.
associatedvtextbookvforvusevinvconnectionv withvyourvcoursev(the
v“Course”),vyouvandvyourvstudentsv whovpurchasevthev textbookv Allvrightsv(includingvwithoutvlimitation,vcopyrights,vpatents,vandvtrad
mayvusevthevSupplementvasvdescribedvbelow.v CengagevLearni evsecrets)vinvthevSupplementvarevandv willv remainvthevsolevandvexcl
ngvhasvestablishedvthesevusevlimitationsvinvresponsevtovconcern usivevpropertyvofvCengagevLearningvand/orvitsvlicensors.vThevSupp
svraisedvbyvauthors,vprofessors,vandvothervusersvregardingvthev lementvisvfurnishedvbyvCengagevLearningvonvanv“asvis”vbasisv witho
pedagogicalvproblemsvstemmingvfromvunlimitedvdistributionvofvS utvanyv warranties,vexpressvorvimplied.vThisvAgreementv willv bevgove
upplements. rnedvbyvandvconstruedvpursuantvtovthevlawsv ofvthevStatevofv Newv Y
ork,v withoutvregardvtovsuchvState’svconflictvofvlawv rules.
CengagevLearningvherebyvgrantsvyouvavnontransferablevlicense
vtovusevthevSupplementvinvconnectionv withvthev Course,vsubjectvt Thankvyouvforvyourvassistancevinvhelpingvtovsafeguardvthevintegrity
ovthevfollowingv conditions.vThevSupplementvisvforvyourvpersonal vofvthevcontentvcontainedvinvthisvSupplement.vWevtrustvyouvfindvthe
,vnoncommercialvusevonlyvandvmayvnotvbevreproduced,vpostedv vSupplementvavusefulvteachingvtool.
electronicallyvorvdistributed,vexceptvthatvportionsvofvthevSupplem
entvmayvbevprovidedvtovyourvstudentsvINvPRINTvFORMvONLYvi
nvconnectionv withvyourvinstructionvofvthevCourse,vsovlongvasvsu
chvstudentsvarevadvisedvthatvtheyvmayv notvcopyvorv distributeva
nyv portionvofvthevSupplementvtovanyvthirdvparty.v Testvbanksvand
vothervtestingvmaterialsvmayvbevmadevavailablevinvthevclassroo
mvandvcollectedvatvthevendvofveachvclassvsession,vorvpostedvele
ctronicallyvasvdescribedvherein.vAnyvmaterialvpostedvelectronical
lyvmustvbevthroughvavpassword-
protectedvsite,v withv allvcopyvandvdownloadvfunctionalityvdisable
d,vandvaccessiblevsolelyvbyvyourvstudentsv whovhavevpurchasedv
thevassociatedvtextbookvforvthevCourse.vYouvmayvnotvsell,vlicen
se,vauction,vorvotherwisev redistributevthevSupplementvinvanyvfor
m.vWevaskvthatvyouv takev reasonablev stepsv tov protectv thev S
upplementv from
, SOLUTION AND ANSWER GUIDE
V V V V
TO ACCOMPANY
V
Energy,Environment,
v v
and Sustainability
v
Second Edition v
SAEED MOAVENI V
Minnesota State University, Mankato
v v v
, Contents
Chapterv1 .......................................................................................................................................1-1
Chapterv2 .......................................................................................................................................2-1
Chapterv3 .......................................................................................................................................3-1
Chapterv4 .......................................................................................................................................4-1
Chapterv5 .......................................................................................................................................5-1
Chapterv6 .......................................................................................................................................6-1
Chapterv7 .......................................................................................................................................7-1
Chapterv8 .......................................................................................................................................8-1
Chapterv9 .......................................................................................................................................9-1
Chapterv10 ................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Chapterv11 ...................................................................................................................................11-1
Chapterv12 ...................................................................................................................................12-1
Chapterv13 ...................................................................................................................................13-1
V V V V V V
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUS
v v v
TAINABILITY,
SECOND EDITION S v v
AEED MOAVENI
v
,©v2023,v2018vCengagevLearning® ISBN:v978-0-357-67608-0
Cengage
ALLvRIGHTSvRESERVED.vNovpartvofvthisvworkvcoveredvbyvthevc 200vPierv4vBoulevard
opyrightvhereinvmayvbevreproducedvorvdistributedvinvanyvformvorvb Boston,vMAv02210vUS
yvanyvmeans,vexceptvasvpermittedvbyvU.S.vcopyrightvlaw,vwithoutv A
thevpriorvwrittenvpermissionvofvthevcopyrightvowner,vexceptvasvma
yvbevpermittedvbyvthevlicensevtermsvbelow. CengagevLearningvisvavleadingvprovidervofvcustomizedvlea
rningvsolutionsvwithvemployeesvresidingvinvnearlyv40vdiffer
entvcountriesvandvsalesvinvmorevthanv125vcountriesvaround
vthev world.vFindvyourvlocalvrepresentativevatvwww.cengag
Forvproductvinformationvandvtechnologyvassistance,vcontactvusvat
CengagevLearningvAcademicvResourcevCenter e.com.
,v1-800-423-0563.
Forvpermissionvtovusevmaterialvfromvthisvtextvorvproduct,vsubmit
vallvrequestsvonlinevatvwww.cengage.com/permissions.
Furthervpermissionsvquestionsvcanvbevemailedvto
.
NOTE:vUNDERvNOvCIRCUMSTANCESvMAYvTHISvMATERIALvORvANYvPORTIONvTHEREOFvBEvSOLD,vLICENSED,vAUCTION
ED,vORvOTHERWISEvREDISTRIBUTEDvEXCEPTvASvMAYvBEvPERMITTEDvBYvTHEvLICENSEvTERMSvHEREIN.
READvIMPORTANTvLICENSEvINFORMATION
DearvProfessorvorvOthervSupplementvRecipient: unauthorizedvuse,vreproduction,vorvdistribution.vYourvusevofvthevSu
pplementvindicatesv yourvacceptancevofvthevconditionsvsetvforthvinvt
CengagevLearningvhasvprovidedvyouv withvthisvproductv(thev“Sup hisvAgreement.vIfv youvdovnotvacceptvthesevconditions,vyouvmustvret
plement”)vforvyourvreviewv and,vtovthevextentvthatvyouvadoptvthev urnvthevSupplementvunusedv withinv30vdaysvofvreceipt.
associatedvtextbookvforvusevinvconnectionv withvyourvcoursev(the
v“Course”),vyouvandvyourvstudentsv whovpurchasevthev textbookv Allvrightsv(includingvwithoutvlimitation,vcopyrights,vpatents,vandvtrad
mayvusevthevSupplementvasvdescribedvbelow.v CengagevLearni evsecrets)vinvthevSupplementvarevandv willv remainvthevsolevandvexcl
ngvhasvestablishedvthesevusevlimitationsvinvresponsevtovconcern usivevpropertyvofvCengagevLearningvand/orvitsvlicensors.vThevSupp
svraisedvbyvauthors,vprofessors,vandvothervusersvregardingvthev lementvisvfurnishedvbyvCengagevLearningvonvanv“asvis”vbasisv witho
pedagogicalvproblemsvstemmingvfromvunlimitedvdistributionvofvS utvanyv warranties,vexpressvorvimplied.vThisvAgreementv willv bevgove
upplements. rnedvbyvandvconstruedvpursuantvtovthevlawsv ofvthevStatevofv Newv Y
ork,v withoutvregardvtovsuchvState’svconflictvofvlawv rules.
CengagevLearningvherebyvgrantsvyouvavnontransferablevlicense
vtovusevthevSupplementvinvconnectionv withvthev Course,vsubjectvt Thankvyouvforvyourvassistancevinvhelpingvtovsafeguardvthevintegrity
ovthevfollowingv conditions.vThevSupplementvisvforvyourvpersonal vofvthevcontentvcontainedvinvthisvSupplement.vWevtrustvyouvfindvthe
,vnoncommercialvusevonlyvandvmayvnotvbevreproduced,vpostedv vSupplementvavusefulvteachingvtool.
electronicallyvorvdistributed,vexceptvthatvportionsvofvthevSupplem
entvmayvbevprovidedvtovyourvstudentsvINvPRINTvFORMvONLYvi
nvconnectionv withvyourvinstructionvofvthevCourse,vsovlongvasvsu
chvstudentsvarevadvisedvthatvtheyvmayv notvcopyvorv distributeva
nyv portionvofvthevSupplementvtovanyvthirdvparty.v Testvbanksvand
vothervtestingvmaterialsvmayvbevmadevavailablevinvthevclassroo
mvandvcollectedvatvthevendvofveachvclassvsession,vorvpostedvele
ctronicallyvasvdescribedvherein.vAnyvmaterialvpostedvelectronical
lyvmustvbevthroughvavpassword-
protectedvsite,v withv allvcopyvandvdownloadvfunctionalityvdisable
d,vandvaccessiblevsolelyvbyvyourvstudentsv whovhavevpurchasedv
thevassociatedvtextbookvforvthevCourse.vYouvmayvnotvsell,vlicen
se,vauction,vorvotherwisev redistributevthevSupplementvinvanyvfor
m.vWevaskvthatvyouv takev reasonablev stepsv tov protectv thev S
upplementv from
, SOLUTION AND ANSWER GUIDE
V V V V
TO ACCOMPANY
V
Energy,Environment,
v v
and Sustainability
v
Second Edition v
SAEED MOAVENI V
Minnesota State University, Mankato
v v v
, Contents
Chapterv1 .......................................................................................................................................1-1
Chapterv2 .......................................................................................................................................2-1
Chapterv3 .......................................................................................................................................3-1
Chapterv4 .......................................................................................................................................4-1
Chapterv5 .......................................................................................................................................5-1
Chapterv6 .......................................................................................................................................6-1
Chapterv7 .......................................................................................................................................7-1
Chapterv8 .......................................................................................................................................8-1
Chapterv9 .......................................................................................................................................9-1
Chapterv10 ................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Chapterv11 ...................................................................................................................................11-1
Chapterv12 ...................................................................................................................................12-1
Chapterv13 ...................................................................................................................................13-1
