APEA PHARMACOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ The ratio of minimum effective concentration (MEC) to minimum
toxic concentration (MTC) of a drug is the:.
Answer: therapeutic window
⩥ half life:.
Answer: the time it takes for the plasma concentration of the drug to be
reduced to half of its original value
⩥ Drug clearance formula.
Answer: rate of drug elimination / plasma concentration of the drug
⩥ steady state.
Answer: when the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination
⩥ Which of the following actions triggers a rise in membrane or action
potential of a cell?
A. Opening of the voltage gated sodium ions
,B. Closure of voltage gated sodium ions
C. Opening of calcium ion channel
D. Opening of potassium voltage gated channels.
Answer: A. Opening of the voltage gated sodium ions
Before stimulation, a cell has a slightly negative electric charge
(compared with ECF). Outside is more positively charged. When
stimulus is encountered, sodium ion channel opens and sodium rushes
into the cell, causing depolarization (rise in membrane/action potential)
⩥ The process by which a drug's activity is altered in order to prepare it
for excretion:.
Answer: biotransformation
⩥ The amino acid found in dairy products, fish, and eggs is tyrosine.
The amino acid from which tyrosine is made is:.
Answer: phenylalanine.
People take tyrosine to help manage depression, ADD, ADHD,
narcolepsy, and to improve alertness following sleep deprivation
⩥ The correct order of the transmission of a neurotransmitter is
presynaptic preparation followed by:.
, Answer: arrival of action potential, release of transmitter, receptor
interaction, and the termination of transmitter action
⩥ In the pharmacokinetics of a drug, the rate of metabolism:.
Answer: varies widely between patients, influenced by genetic and
environment factors-->major reason for differences in plasma
concentration of some drugs after a standard dose, leading to a wide
variation in drug response
⩥ Metabolism:.
Answer: process by which drugs are chemically changes from a lipid-
soluble form suitable for absorption and distribution to a more water-
soluble form that is suitable for excretion
⩥ The protein-bound part of a drug is:.
Answer: Inactive and acts as a reservoir
⩥ Activation of alpha-1 receptors does NOT:
A. cause vasoconstriction
B. cause mydriasis
C. increase closure of the internal bladder sphincter
D. inhibit insulin release.
Answer: D. inhibit insulin release
2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ The ratio of minimum effective concentration (MEC) to minimum
toxic concentration (MTC) of a drug is the:.
Answer: therapeutic window
⩥ half life:.
Answer: the time it takes for the plasma concentration of the drug to be
reduced to half of its original value
⩥ Drug clearance formula.
Answer: rate of drug elimination / plasma concentration of the drug
⩥ steady state.
Answer: when the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination
⩥ Which of the following actions triggers a rise in membrane or action
potential of a cell?
A. Opening of the voltage gated sodium ions
,B. Closure of voltage gated sodium ions
C. Opening of calcium ion channel
D. Opening of potassium voltage gated channels.
Answer: A. Opening of the voltage gated sodium ions
Before stimulation, a cell has a slightly negative electric charge
(compared with ECF). Outside is more positively charged. When
stimulus is encountered, sodium ion channel opens and sodium rushes
into the cell, causing depolarization (rise in membrane/action potential)
⩥ The process by which a drug's activity is altered in order to prepare it
for excretion:.
Answer: biotransformation
⩥ The amino acid found in dairy products, fish, and eggs is tyrosine.
The amino acid from which tyrosine is made is:.
Answer: phenylalanine.
People take tyrosine to help manage depression, ADD, ADHD,
narcolepsy, and to improve alertness following sleep deprivation
⩥ The correct order of the transmission of a neurotransmitter is
presynaptic preparation followed by:.
, Answer: arrival of action potential, release of transmitter, receptor
interaction, and the termination of transmitter action
⩥ In the pharmacokinetics of a drug, the rate of metabolism:.
Answer: varies widely between patients, influenced by genetic and
environment factors-->major reason for differences in plasma
concentration of some drugs after a standard dose, leading to a wide
variation in drug response
⩥ Metabolism:.
Answer: process by which drugs are chemically changes from a lipid-
soluble form suitable for absorption and distribution to a more water-
soluble form that is suitable for excretion
⩥ The protein-bound part of a drug is:.
Answer: Inactive and acts as a reservoir
⩥ Activation of alpha-1 receptors does NOT:
A. cause vasoconstriction
B. cause mydriasis
C. increase closure of the internal bladder sphincter
D. inhibit insulin release.
Answer: D. inhibit insulin release
