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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UTA EXAM 1-ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
Carcinoma in situ - correct-answer -Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus,
and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - correct-answer -1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes,
asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - correct-answer -1. Increased CK (muscle
and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - correct-answer -Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic
tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload.
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Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free
radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and
*mitochondrial calcium overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - correct-answer -White blood cell
count is impaired. Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the
heart, liver, intestines, kidneys, and cerebrum.
Free Radical - correct-answer -Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its
outer shell. This makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - correct-answer -Produced as a normal byproduct
of ATP production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and
exhaust intracellular antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy
sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - correct-answer -Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty
infiltration, hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation.
Chronic ethanol use is mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free
radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
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Infarct - correct-answer -Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of
arterial blood flow. (ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - correct-answer -Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent
cellular proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
Autophagy - correct-answer -Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Aging - correct-answer -Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory
substances which results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - correct-answer -Interleukin 1, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein
NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UTA EXAM 1-ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
Carcinoma in situ - correct-answer -Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus,
and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - correct-answer -1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes,
asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - correct-answer -1. Increased CK (muscle
and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - correct-answer -Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic
tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and
mitochondrial calcium overload.
,2|Page
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free
radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and
*mitochondrial calcium overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - correct-answer -White blood cell
count is impaired. Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the
heart, liver, intestines, kidneys, and cerebrum.
Free Radical - correct-answer -Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its
outer shell. This makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - correct-answer -Produced as a normal byproduct
of ATP production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and
exhaust intracellular antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy
sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - correct-answer -Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty
infiltration, hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation.
Chronic ethanol use is mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free
radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
, 3|Page
Infarct - correct-answer -Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of
arterial blood flow. (ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - correct-answer -Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent
cellular proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
Autophagy - correct-answer -Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Aging - correct-answer -Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory
substances which results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - correct-answer -Interleukin 1, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein
