Urban and cross-cultural
psychology
Inhoud
Lecture 1: Intersectionality ......................................................................................10
Intersectionality is about diversity and inclusion ................................................10
Openness to differences: how to do that? ..........................................................10
We all occupy social positions ..........................................................................11
14 axes of identity (Helma Lutz) ........................................................................11
Axes are power-laden.......................................................................................12
From diversity thinking to intersectionality .........................................................12
The core of intersectionality .............................................................................12
Privilege and discrimination: two sides of the same coin .....................................13
Reflexive positioning ........................................................................................13
Lecture 2: Foundations ...........................................................................................13
1. What is cross-cultural psychology (CCP)? ......................................................13
A first conceptualization...................................................................................13
CCP also studies universals .............................................................................13
A broad definition ............................................................................................13
The culture-behavior relationship .....................................................................14
Three perspectives within the CCP umbrella ......................................................14
What CCP is NOT!............................................................................................14
2. Cross-cultural, cultural and indigenous psychologies .....................................14
Cross-cultural vs. cultural psychology...............................................................14
Indigenous psychologies ..................................................................................14
Universalism and relativism..............................................................................14
3. What is culture? ...........................................................................................14
A working definition .........................................................................................14
Content: 4 elements (and 5 dimensions) of culture (Hofstede) ............................15
1
Lisa Gielen
, Acquiring culture .............................................................................................15
No society is culturally homogeneous ...............................................................16
Culture vs society ............................................................................................16
Culture vs race / ethnicity / nationality...............................................................16
Culture is dynamic ...........................................................................................16
Misrecognition in practice ................................................................................17
To keep in mind ...............................................................................................17
4. Knowledge, ethnocentrism and the weird problem .........................................17
Four types of psychological knowledge .............................................................17
Why this matters for mental health ...................................................................17
Folk beliefs shape behavior ..............................................................................17
Culture as a concept........................................................................................17
A more empirical examination ..........................................................................18
Ethnocentrism and multiculturalism .................................................................18
The weird sampling problem .............................................................................18
What CCP adds (why it matters)........................................................................18
5. Case vignette ...............................................................................................19
‘First-pass risk’ ................................................................................................19
A CCP reframe.................................................................................................19
Case vignette trough three perspectives ............................................................19
Quality checks for cultural claims .....................................................................19
Recap this lecture ............................................................................................19
Lecture 3: how to do CCP well?: comparison logic, sampling, translation, equivalence,
bias .......................................................................................................................19
1. The comparison logic ...................................................................................20
Two research strategies to make a cross-cultural comparison: ...........................20
Etic and Emic ..................................................................................................20
Examples ........................................................................................................20
2. Building comparability ..................................................................................21
Sampling.........................................................................................................21
Example sampling ...........................................................................................21
Translation ......................................................................................................22
Example translation .........................................................................................22
2
Lisa Gielen
, Equivalence ....................................................................................................22
Bias and response styles ..................................................................................22
Example bias...................................................................................................23
3. Context and interpretation ............................................................................23
Berry: the “forgotten field” ................................................................................23
Berry & Bennet: cree research...........................................................................23
From context to score ......................................................................................23
Takeaways ......................................................................................................24
Lecture 4: operationalizing culture: dimensions + separating culture from context ......24
1. Why operationalize culture?..........................................................................24
From vague culture to specified culture .............................................................24
What CCP is not?.............................................................................................24
A more precise approach .................................................................................24
Culture-differentiating factors ..............................................................................25
What they are? ................................................................................................25
Why dimensions? ............................................................................................25
Crucial distinction: culture vs. context ..............................................................25
Why distinction matters ...................................................................................26
Dimension or context factor?............................................................................26
2. Hofstede: the classic dimensional model.......................................................26
Why this model? ..............................................................................................26
The basic idea .................................................................................................27
The basic problems .........................................................................................27
The IBM-project study ......................................................................................27
Why so influential? ..........................................................................................27
Dimension 1: individualism – collectivism .........................................................28
Dimension 2: power distance ...........................................................................28
Dimension 3: femininity – masculinity ...............................................................29
Dimension 4: uncertainty avoidance .................................................................29
Dimension 5: long-term orientation ...................................................................30
Dimension 6: indulgence ..................................................................................31
Country scores ................................................................................................31
3. Beyond Hofstede..........................................................................................31
3
Lisa Gielen
, Triandis: horizontal and vertical variants ............................................................31
Shwartz: three bipolar dimensions ....................................................................31
Globe: an update in organizational context ........................................................32
Hall: communication-focused dimensions ........................................................32
What do these models have in common? ..........................................................33
4. how dimensions can mislead ........................................................................33
1. the evaluative bias of language ..................................................................33
2. Differentiating dichotomous variables and continuous variables ..................34
3. The similarity-uniqueness paradox .............................................................34
4. The barnum-effect ....................................................................................34
5. The assimilation bias ................................................................................35
6. The availability bias ...................................................................................35
7. The fundamental attribution error ..............................................................35
Take-aways .....................................................................................................35
Lecture 5: Culture & emotion: what is “universal”, what is “made”? ...........................36
1. Why study emotions in ccp?..........................................................................36
Why emotions matter.......................................................................................36
The basic cross-cultural question .....................................................................36
Feeling as state, emotionality as trait ................................................................36
What is an emotion? ........................................................................................36
2. Classifying emotions ....................................................................................37
The basic emotions tradition ............................................................................37
3. A process model emergence and expression of emotions ...............................39
Biological and cognitive approaches: classic theory ...........................................39
Process model of emotion................................................................................39
A complex regulatory process ...........................................................................40
The mine-ours model .......................................................................................41
4. Where culture enters ....................................................................................41
Prototypical triggers .........................................................................................41
Self-related and other-related emotions (Markus & Kitayama) .............................42
Emotions: mental or relational? (Matsuda et al. 2009) ........................................43
Emotions: inside or outside? (Uchide et al. 2009) ...............................................44
Emotions: inside or outside? Pride and embarrassment .....................................44
4
Lisa Gielen
psychology
Inhoud
Lecture 1: Intersectionality ......................................................................................10
Intersectionality is about diversity and inclusion ................................................10
Openness to differences: how to do that? ..........................................................10
We all occupy social positions ..........................................................................11
14 axes of identity (Helma Lutz) ........................................................................11
Axes are power-laden.......................................................................................12
From diversity thinking to intersectionality .........................................................12
The core of intersectionality .............................................................................12
Privilege and discrimination: two sides of the same coin .....................................13
Reflexive positioning ........................................................................................13
Lecture 2: Foundations ...........................................................................................13
1. What is cross-cultural psychology (CCP)? ......................................................13
A first conceptualization...................................................................................13
CCP also studies universals .............................................................................13
A broad definition ............................................................................................13
The culture-behavior relationship .....................................................................14
Three perspectives within the CCP umbrella ......................................................14
What CCP is NOT!............................................................................................14
2. Cross-cultural, cultural and indigenous psychologies .....................................14
Cross-cultural vs. cultural psychology...............................................................14
Indigenous psychologies ..................................................................................14
Universalism and relativism..............................................................................14
3. What is culture? ...........................................................................................14
A working definition .........................................................................................14
Content: 4 elements (and 5 dimensions) of culture (Hofstede) ............................15
1
Lisa Gielen
, Acquiring culture .............................................................................................15
No society is culturally homogeneous ...............................................................16
Culture vs society ............................................................................................16
Culture vs race / ethnicity / nationality...............................................................16
Culture is dynamic ...........................................................................................16
Misrecognition in practice ................................................................................17
To keep in mind ...............................................................................................17
4. Knowledge, ethnocentrism and the weird problem .........................................17
Four types of psychological knowledge .............................................................17
Why this matters for mental health ...................................................................17
Folk beliefs shape behavior ..............................................................................17
Culture as a concept........................................................................................17
A more empirical examination ..........................................................................18
Ethnocentrism and multiculturalism .................................................................18
The weird sampling problem .............................................................................18
What CCP adds (why it matters)........................................................................18
5. Case vignette ...............................................................................................19
‘First-pass risk’ ................................................................................................19
A CCP reframe.................................................................................................19
Case vignette trough three perspectives ............................................................19
Quality checks for cultural claims .....................................................................19
Recap this lecture ............................................................................................19
Lecture 3: how to do CCP well?: comparison logic, sampling, translation, equivalence,
bias .......................................................................................................................19
1. The comparison logic ...................................................................................20
Two research strategies to make a cross-cultural comparison: ...........................20
Etic and Emic ..................................................................................................20
Examples ........................................................................................................20
2. Building comparability ..................................................................................21
Sampling.........................................................................................................21
Example sampling ...........................................................................................21
Translation ......................................................................................................22
Example translation .........................................................................................22
2
Lisa Gielen
, Equivalence ....................................................................................................22
Bias and response styles ..................................................................................22
Example bias...................................................................................................23
3. Context and interpretation ............................................................................23
Berry: the “forgotten field” ................................................................................23
Berry & Bennet: cree research...........................................................................23
From context to score ......................................................................................23
Takeaways ......................................................................................................24
Lecture 4: operationalizing culture: dimensions + separating culture from context ......24
1. Why operationalize culture?..........................................................................24
From vague culture to specified culture .............................................................24
What CCP is not?.............................................................................................24
A more precise approach .................................................................................24
Culture-differentiating factors ..............................................................................25
What they are? ................................................................................................25
Why dimensions? ............................................................................................25
Crucial distinction: culture vs. context ..............................................................25
Why distinction matters ...................................................................................26
Dimension or context factor?............................................................................26
2. Hofstede: the classic dimensional model.......................................................26
Why this model? ..............................................................................................26
The basic idea .................................................................................................27
The basic problems .........................................................................................27
The IBM-project study ......................................................................................27
Why so influential? ..........................................................................................27
Dimension 1: individualism – collectivism .........................................................28
Dimension 2: power distance ...........................................................................28
Dimension 3: femininity – masculinity ...............................................................29
Dimension 4: uncertainty avoidance .................................................................29
Dimension 5: long-term orientation ...................................................................30
Dimension 6: indulgence ..................................................................................31
Country scores ................................................................................................31
3. Beyond Hofstede..........................................................................................31
3
Lisa Gielen
, Triandis: horizontal and vertical variants ............................................................31
Shwartz: three bipolar dimensions ....................................................................31
Globe: an update in organizational context ........................................................32
Hall: communication-focused dimensions ........................................................32
What do these models have in common? ..........................................................33
4. how dimensions can mislead ........................................................................33
1. the evaluative bias of language ..................................................................33
2. Differentiating dichotomous variables and continuous variables ..................34
3. The similarity-uniqueness paradox .............................................................34
4. The barnum-effect ....................................................................................34
5. The assimilation bias ................................................................................35
6. The availability bias ...................................................................................35
7. The fundamental attribution error ..............................................................35
Take-aways .....................................................................................................35
Lecture 5: Culture & emotion: what is “universal”, what is “made”? ...........................36
1. Why study emotions in ccp?..........................................................................36
Why emotions matter.......................................................................................36
The basic cross-cultural question .....................................................................36
Feeling as state, emotionality as trait ................................................................36
What is an emotion? ........................................................................................36
2. Classifying emotions ....................................................................................37
The basic emotions tradition ............................................................................37
3. A process model emergence and expression of emotions ...............................39
Biological and cognitive approaches: classic theory ...........................................39
Process model of emotion................................................................................39
A complex regulatory process ...........................................................................40
The mine-ours model .......................................................................................41
4. Where culture enters ....................................................................................41
Prototypical triggers .........................................................................................41
Self-related and other-related emotions (Markus & Kitayama) .............................42
Emotions: mental or relational? (Matsuda et al. 2009) ........................................43
Emotions: inside or outside? (Uchide et al. 2009) ...............................................44
Emotions: inside or outside? Pride and embarrassment .....................................44
4
Lisa Gielen
