BIO 101 EXAM 1 NVCC FINAL REVIEW SHEET 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+

BIO 101 EXAM 1 NVCC FINAL REVIEW
SHEET 2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+

⩥ Embryonic stem cells?.
Answer: Can become any cell (pluripotent).


⩥ Adult stem cells?.
Answer: Can become limited cell types (multipotent)


⩥ Key difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?.
Answer: Embryonic = more versatile; adult = limited.


⩥ What is a substitution mutation?.
Answer: One base is replaced.


⩥ What is an insertion mutation?.
Answer: A base is added.


⩥ What is a deletion mutation?.
Answer: A base is removed.

,⩥ What is a frameshift mutation?.
Answer: A shift in the reading frame caused by insertion/deletion.


⩥ What is a silent mutation?.
Answer: A mutation that does not change the protein.


⩥ Are 3rd base changes serious?.
Answer: Usually no, due to redundancy.


⩥ Two causes of mutations?.
Answer: Radiation and chemicals


⩥ Why is crossing over important?.
Answer: Increases genetic variation.


⩥ Advantage of sexual reproduction?.
Answer: Genetic diversity.


⩥ Male vs female gametes?.
Answer: Males: 4 sperm; females: 1 egg + 3 polar bodies.

, ⩥ When does nondisjunction occur?.
Answer: Meiosis I or II


⩥ Order of mitosis phases?.
Answer: Interphase → Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase →
Telophase → Cytokinesis


⩥ What happens in interphase?.
Answer: Cell grows and DNA replicates.


⩥ What happens in prophase?.
Answer: DNA condenses, nucleus breaks down, spindle forms.


⩥ What happens in metaphase?.
Answer: Chromosomes line up in center


⩥ What happens in anaphase?.
Answer: Sister chromatids separate


⩥ What happens in telophase?.
Answer: Nuclei reform