NR 222 Exam 2 Practice Questions & Answers | Health Assessment, Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Ethics | 200 Questions with Correct Answers & Rationales (A+ Graded)

Excel in your NR 222 Exam 2 with this comprehensive practice test bank featuring 200 exam-style questions with verified answers and detailed clinical rationales. Updated for current nursing education standards, this guide covers advanced nursing concepts including health assessment, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and ethical decision-making. What's included: 200 realistic NR 222 exam questions covering core advanced concepts Verified correct answers with A+ grading Detailed rationales explaining pathophysiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical reasoning Covers all major topics aligned with AACN and CCNE accreditation standards Topics covered: Health Assessment – cardiac murmurs (pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation), lung sounds (crackles, wheezes), abdominal assessment, neurological assessment, cultural assessment Pathophysiology – acute kidney injury (prerenal, intrinsic, postrenal, ATN, FeNa, urine sodium), cirrhosis (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, SBP, hepatorenal syndrome, ammonia, lactulose), pancreatitis (Ranson criteria, hypocalcemia, saponification, Cullen sign, Grey Turner sign), heart failure (HFrEF, HFpEF, S3 gallop, JVD, pulmonary edema), COPD (acute exacerbation, hypercapnic respiratory failure, NIPPV, BiPAP), asthma (severe exacerbation, PEF, corticosteroids), DKA/HHS (insulin infusion, potassium monitoring), SIADH (hyponatremia, concentrated urine), diabetes insipidus (nephrogenic, lithium-induced), AKI oliguric phase, CKD (anemia, iron deficiency, phosphate binders, sevelamer), pulmonary embolism (respiratory alkalosis, ABG findings), aortic dissection, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, infective endocarditis, DVT, sepsis, septic shock, SIRS Pharmacology – ACE inhibitors (hyperkalemia, cough), ARBs, loop diuretics (furosemide, hypokalemia, ototoxicity), potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, hyperkalemia), thiazides, beta-blockers (metoprolol, bradycardia, heart failure, weight gain), warfarin (INR monitoring, reversal with vitamin K, potentiation by ciprofloxacin, ginkgo biloba, nitrofurantoin), heparin (aPTT monitoring, HIT, protamine), insulin (lispro, glargine, regular, basal-bolus, sliding scale), metformin (lactic acidosis, renal dosing, hold before surgery, contrast-induced AKI), sulfonylureas (glipizide, hypoglycemia), SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, euglycemic DKA), GLP-1 agonists, PPIs (omeprazole, mechanism), H2 blockers, phosphate binders (sevelamer, calcium acetate), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), lithium (toxicity, nephrogenic DI, TSH), colchicine (myopathy, neuropathy), buspirone (5-HT1A partial agonist, delayed onset), buprenorphine/naloxone (opioid use disorder, relapse prevention), nitrofurantoin (warfarin interaction), ceftriaxone (penicillin cross-reactivity), tiotropium (LAMA, COPD), albuterol (SABA, asthma), methylprednisolone (asthma exacerbation), dobutamine (inotrope, cardiogenic shock), norepinephrine (septic shock, MAP), calcium gluconate (hyperkalemia, membrane stabilization), sodium polystyrene sulfonate (hyperkalemia, slow onset, colonic necrosis risk) Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics – drug half-life, renal impairment dosing, first-pass metabolism, protein binding, CYP450 interactions (warfarin, amiodarone, ciprofloxacin, St. John's wort, ginkgo), drug excretion, volume of distribution Medication Administration & Safety – insulin infusion calculation, heparin drip calculation, blood transfusion compatibility (O negative universal donor), IV compatibility (normal saline only with blood), NG tube medication administration, MDI technique, peak flow meter Fluid & Electrolyte Balance – hyperkalemia (ECG: peaked T waves, wide QRS, management: calcium gluconate, insulin+dextrose, albuterol, sodium bicarbonate, kayexalate, dialysis), hypokalemia (ECG: flattened T waves, U waves, causes: furosemide, NG suction, vomiting), hyponatremia (SIADH, cirrhosis, hypervolemic vs hypovolemic vs euvolemic, hypertonic saline, fluid restriction), hypernatremia (free water deficit, hypotonic fluids), hypocalcemia (pancreatitis, tetany, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign), hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (CKD, phosphate binders), hypomagnesemia Acid-Base Balance – ABG interpretation (respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, compensation, uncompensated, partially compensated, fully compensated), anion gap (high vs normal), causes of metabolic acidosis (DKA, lactic acidosis, renal failure, salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol), causes of metabolic alkalosis (NG suction, vomiting, diuretics), respiratory acidosis (COPD exacerbation, opioid overdose, hypoventilation), respiratory alkalosis (PE, anxiety, hyperventilation, salicylates) Hematologic & Oncologic Disorders – anemia of CKD (iron deficiency, ESA therapy, IV iron), thrombocytopenia (HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), DIC, hemolytic transfusion reaction, febrile transfusion reaction, allergic transfusion reaction, ABO incompatibility Infectious Diseases – sepsis (qSOFA, Surviving Sepsis guidelines, fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine), pyelonephritis (ascending infection, E. coli, resistant organisms), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP, paracentesis, PMN count, cefotaxime), infective endocarditis (S. aureus, MSSA, nafcillin+gentamicin, vegetation, chordae rupture) Neurologic Disorders – status epilepticus (lorazepam, phenytoin, mechanism of action: voltage-gated sodium channels), stroke (ischemic vs hemorrhagic, tPA contraindications, NIHSS), increased ICP (CPP, ICP monitoring, HOB elevation, mannitol), hepatic encephalopathy (lactulose, rifaximin, ammonia, precipitating factors: hypokalemia, hypovolemia, infection, constipation) Cardiovascular Disorders – acute coronary syndrome (STEMI, NSTEMI, PCI, aspirin, ticagrelor, clopidogrel), heart failure (HFrEF, HFpEF, GDMT: ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, ARNI, SGLT2i, CRT, ICD), atrial fibrillation (CHA₂DS₂-VASc, anticoagulation: warfarin, DOACs, INR target 2-3), hypertension (ACEi, ARB, CCB, thiazide), aortic dissection (CT angiography, BP control, beta-blocker, surgery), pericarditis (NSAIDs, colchicine), cardiac tamponade (Beck triad: hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, echocardiogram), valvular heart disease (aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation) Pulmonary Disorders – COPD (GOLD guidelines, exacerbation management, NIPPV, oxygen titration, tiotropium), asthma (NAEPP guidelines, step therapy, exacerbation management, systemic corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate), pneumonia (CURB-65, antibiotic selection, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, levofloxacin), pulmonary embolism (Wells score, CTPA, D-dimer, anticoagulation, risk factors), ARDS (lung-protective ventilation, low tidal volume, plateau pressure 30, PEEP, prone positioning), tension pneumothorax (needle decompression, chest tube) Gastrointestinal & Renal Disorders – acute pancreatitis (Ranson criteria, fluid resuscitation, NPO, NG suction, lipase, amylase, hypocalcemia, Cullen sign, Grey Turner sign), cirrhosis (ascites, SBP, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, Child-Pugh score, MELD), acute kidney injury (prerenal, intrinsic, postrenal, ATN, FeNa, urine sodium, muddy brown casts), chronic kidney disease (staging, management of anemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis), nephrolithiasis (calcium oxalate stones, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, dietary calcium, hydration, tamsulosin) Endocrine Disorders – diabetes mellitus type 2 (metformin, SGLT2i, GLP1-RA, sulfonylureas, insulin), diabetic ketoacidosis (insulin infusion, fluid resuscitation, potassium monitoring, dextrose when glucose 250), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS, no ketosis, severe dehydration), hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease, methimazole, PTU, propranolol), hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's, levothyroxine, TSH monitoring), adrenal insufficiency (cortisol, ACTH, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism, central obesity, moon facies, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia), SIADH (hyponatremia, concentrated urine, euvolemic, fluid restriction, hypertonic saline if symptomatic), diabetes insipidus (nephrogenic vs central, polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine, desmopressin, lithium-induced) Hematologic & Oncologic – anemia of CKD (iron deficiency, ESA, IV iron), thrombocytopenia, HIT, DIC, hemolytic transfusion reaction, febrile transfusion reaction, allergic transfusion reaction, ABO incompatibility Infectious Diseases – sepsis (qSOFA, Surviving Sepsis guidelines, fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine), pyelonephritis (ascending infection, E. coli, resistant organisms), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP, paracentesis, PMN count, cefotaxime), infective endocarditis (S. aureus, MSSA, nafcillin+gentamicin, vegetation, chordae rupture) Neurologic Disorders – status epilepticus (lorazepam, phenytoin, mechanism of action: voltage-gated sodium channels), stroke (ischemic vs hemorrhagic, tPA contraindications, NIHSS), increased ICP (CPP, ICP monitoring, HOB elevation, mannitol), hepatic encephalopathy (lactulose, rifaximin, ammonia, precipitating factors: hypokalemia, hypovolemia, infection, constipation) Ethical & Legal Issues – informed consent, advance directives, autonomy vs beneficence, refusal of treatment, confidentiality, HIPAA, mandatory reporting, end-of-life care, DNR orders, medical ethics (beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, fidelity) Evidence-Based Practice & Research – levels of evidence, RCTs, cohort studies, case-control, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, bias (selection, recall, confounding), statistical significance, p-value, confidence intervals, correlation vs causation, number needed to treat (NNT), number needed to harm (NNH), hazard ratio, odds ratio, relative risk, absolute risk reduction Health Promotion & Patient Education – teach-back method, health literacy (functional, interactive, critical), Transtheoretical Model (stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance), Health Belief Model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy), Pender's Health Promotion Model (perceived self-efficacy, commitment to plan), PRECEDE-PROCEED model (predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors), RE-AIM framework (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance), Community-as-Partner model (core, subsystems), Social Determinants of Health, cultural competence, motivational interviewing, Ask Me 3, REALM-SF, Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), co-learning, socio-ecological model, windshield survey, social cohesion Perfect for: Nursing students taking NR 222 or similar advanced nursing courses Students preparing for exams covering health assessment, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and ethics Pre-nursing and nursing students needing to master clinical reasoning and evidence-based practice NCLEX-RN preparation for advanced concepts