FRESENIUS RN EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS with rationales.
**1. What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order
of urine flow?**
a) Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra
b) **Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra**
c) Ureters, Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra
d) Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters, Urethra
**Rationale:** The correct order of urine flow is from the kidneys
(where urine is produced), through the ureters to the bladder (where
urine is stored), and finally through the urethra (where urine is
excreted) .
**2. Which of the following are functions of a healthy kidney? (Select
all that apply)**
a) Remove waste products like creatinine and urea
b) Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
c) Secrete erythropoietin (EPO) to make red blood cells
d) Produce digestive enzymes
**Rationale:** Healthy kidneys filter waste (creatinine, urea), regulate
fluid/electrolytes, and secrete EPO to stimulate RBC production.
Digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas, not the kidneys .
,**3. A patient with kidney failure has anemia. This is primarily due to
the kidneys' inability to:**
a) Produce adequate white blood cells
b) **Secrete enough erythropoietin (EPO)**
c) Filter waste products
d) Absorb vitamin B12
**Rationale:** The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which signals
the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In kidney failure, low EPO
leads to anemia .
**4. What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD)?**
a) Hypertension
b) **Diabetes mellitus**
c) Polycystic kidney disease
d) Glomerulonephritis
**Rationale:** Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD and end-stage
renal disease (ESRD), accounting for nearly 50% of new cases.
Hypertension is the second leading cause .
**5. The term "uremia" refers to:**
a) Decreased urine output
b) **Increase of waste products in the blood**
c) Infection of the urinary tract
,d) Inflammation of the kidneys
**Rationale:** Uremia literally means "urine in the blood" and refers to
the buildup of waste products (like urea and creatinine) due to kidney
failure .
**6. Which of the following is a symptom of uremia?**
a) Increased appetite and energy
b) **Lethargy, weakness, and nausea**
c) Decreased heart rate
d) Weight gain
**Rationale:** Common symptoms of uremia (waste buildup) include
lethargy, weakness, headache, itching (pruritus), fatigue, nausea, and
loss of appetite .
**7. Why are dialysis patients more likely to become infected with
germs like MRSA?**
a) They have poor hygiene
b) **They have weakened immune systems**
c) They are hospitalized frequently
d) They have poor nutrition
**Rationale:** CKD and dialysis patients are immunocompromised due
to uremia, malnutrition, and the dialysis process itself, making them
more susceptible to infections like MRSA .
, **8. What is the target post-dialysis weight at which a patient is likely
to be normotensive?**
a) Dry weight
b) **Estimated Dry Weight (EDW)**
c) Ideal body weight
d) Pre-dialysis weight
**Rationale:** Estimated Dry Weight (EDW) is the weight at which the
patient is normally hydrated and normotensive without signs of fluid
overload or depletion .
**9. Which lab value indicates a person has protection from Hepatitis B
(HBV)?**
a) HBsAg positive
b) **HBsAB positive (HBV Immune)**
c) Anti-HBc positive
d) HBV DNA positive
**Rationale:** HBsAB (Hepatitis B surface antibody) indicates
immunity, either from vaccination or resolved infection. HBsAg
indicates active infection .
**10. What is the primary goal of the QAPI (Quality Assessment and
Performance Improvement) program?**
a) Reduce costs
b) **Achieve better patient outcomes**
AND ANSWERS with rationales.
**1. What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order
of urine flow?**
a) Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra
b) **Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra**
c) Ureters, Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra
d) Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters, Urethra
**Rationale:** The correct order of urine flow is from the kidneys
(where urine is produced), through the ureters to the bladder (where
urine is stored), and finally through the urethra (where urine is
excreted) .
**2. Which of the following are functions of a healthy kidney? (Select
all that apply)**
a) Remove waste products like creatinine and urea
b) Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
c) Secrete erythropoietin (EPO) to make red blood cells
d) Produce digestive enzymes
**Rationale:** Healthy kidneys filter waste (creatinine, urea), regulate
fluid/electrolytes, and secrete EPO to stimulate RBC production.
Digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas, not the kidneys .
,**3. A patient with kidney failure has anemia. This is primarily due to
the kidneys' inability to:**
a) Produce adequate white blood cells
b) **Secrete enough erythropoietin (EPO)**
c) Filter waste products
d) Absorb vitamin B12
**Rationale:** The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which signals
the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In kidney failure, low EPO
leads to anemia .
**4. What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD)?**
a) Hypertension
b) **Diabetes mellitus**
c) Polycystic kidney disease
d) Glomerulonephritis
**Rationale:** Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD and end-stage
renal disease (ESRD), accounting for nearly 50% of new cases.
Hypertension is the second leading cause .
**5. The term "uremia" refers to:**
a) Decreased urine output
b) **Increase of waste products in the blood**
c) Infection of the urinary tract
,d) Inflammation of the kidneys
**Rationale:** Uremia literally means "urine in the blood" and refers to
the buildup of waste products (like urea and creatinine) due to kidney
failure .
**6. Which of the following is a symptom of uremia?**
a) Increased appetite and energy
b) **Lethargy, weakness, and nausea**
c) Decreased heart rate
d) Weight gain
**Rationale:** Common symptoms of uremia (waste buildup) include
lethargy, weakness, headache, itching (pruritus), fatigue, nausea, and
loss of appetite .
**7. Why are dialysis patients more likely to become infected with
germs like MRSA?**
a) They have poor hygiene
b) **They have weakened immune systems**
c) They are hospitalized frequently
d) They have poor nutrition
**Rationale:** CKD and dialysis patients are immunocompromised due
to uremia, malnutrition, and the dialysis process itself, making them
more susceptible to infections like MRSA .
, **8. What is the target post-dialysis weight at which a patient is likely
to be normotensive?**
a) Dry weight
b) **Estimated Dry Weight (EDW)**
c) Ideal body weight
d) Pre-dialysis weight
**Rationale:** Estimated Dry Weight (EDW) is the weight at which the
patient is normally hydrated and normotensive without signs of fluid
overload or depletion .
**9. Which lab value indicates a person has protection from Hepatitis B
(HBV)?**
a) HBsAg positive
b) **HBsAB positive (HBV Immune)**
c) Anti-HBc positive
d) HBV DNA positive
**Rationale:** HBsAB (Hepatitis B surface antibody) indicates
immunity, either from vaccination or resolved infection. HBsAg
indicates active infection .
**10. What is the primary goal of the QAPI (Quality Assessment and
Performance Improvement) program?**
a) Reduce costs
b) **Achieve better patient outcomes**
