SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Understanding Pathophysiology
ST
Judy Craft, Christopher Gordon, Sue E. Huether, Kathryn L. McCance, and Valentina
L. Brashers
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
UV
4th Australian and New Zealand Edition
IA
26
_A
PP
RO
VE
D?
?
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Solutions Manual: Understanding Pathophysiology, 4th Australia Edition
ST
By Judy Craft, Christopher Gordon, Sue E. Huether, Kathryn L. McCance, and Neal S. Brashers
Part 1 Essential Concepts of Pathophysiology
UV
Chapter 1 Introduction to clinical science
Chapter 2 Homeostasis
Chapter 3 Cellular structure and function
Chapter 4 Altered cellular function
IA
Chapter 5 Genes
Part 2 Alterations to Regulation and Control
26
Chapter 6 The structure and function of the neurological system
Chapter 7 Pain
Chapter 8 Concepts of neurological dysfunction
_A
Chapter 9 Alterations of neurological function across the life span
Chapter 10 The structure and function of the endocrine system
Chapter 11 Alterations of endocrine function across the life span
PP
Part 3 Alterations to Protection and Movement
Chapter 12 The structure and function of the immune system
Chapter 13 Inflammation and fever
RO
Chapter 14 Infection
Chapter 15 Alterations of immune function across the life span
Chapter 16 The structure and function of the haematological system
VE
Chapter 17 Alterations of haematological function across the life span
Chapter 18 The structure and function of the integumentary system
Chapter 19 Alterations of the integumentary system across the life span
D?
Chapter 20 The structure and function of the musculoskeletal system
Chapter 21 Alterations of musculoskeletal function across the life span
Part 4 Alterations to Body Maintenance
?
Chapter 22 The structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
1
, Chapter 23 Alterations of cardiovascular function across the life span
Chapter 24 The structure and function of the pulmonary system
Chapter 25 Alterations of pulmonary function across the life span
ST
Chapter 26 The structure and function of the digestive system
Chapter 27 Alterations of digestive function across the life span
Chapter 28 The structure and function of the urinary system
UV
Chapter 29 Fluids and electrolytes, acids and bases
Chapter 30 Alterations of renal and urinary tract function across the life span
Part 5 Alterations to Continuity
IA
Chapter 31 The structure and function of the reproductive systems
Chapter 32 Alterations of the reproductive systems across the life span
26
Part 6 Contemporary Health Issues
Chapter 33 Introduction to contemporary health issues
Chapter 34 Stress and chronic disease
_A
Chapter 35 Obesity
Chapter 36 Type 2 diabetes
Chapter 37 Cancer
PP
Chapter 38 Genes, genetic diseases and the environment
Chapter 39 Neurobiology of mental illness
Chapter 40 Indigenous health issues in Australia
RO
Chapter 41 Maori health in Aotearoa New Zealand
VE
D?
?
2
, Craft, Gordon: Understanding Pathophysiology 4e
Australia and New Zealand edition
Answer Guide
ST
Chapter 1: Introduction to Clinical Science
UV
Focus on Learning Questions
Page 7
1. Describe the term pathophysiology and define the following commonly used related terms: signs,
symptoms, localised, systemic, disorder, disease, acute, chronic, insidious, incidence, prevalence,
morbidity, comorbidity and mortality.
Pathophysiology is defined as the study of changes to normal body function during disease processes.
IA
Signs: these are objective measurements of body processes that may give evidence of a disease process; for
example, blood pressure measurement.
Symptoms: a subjective indication of a disease process that is only experienced by the patient and cannot be
measured; for example, pain or nausea.
26
Localised: a sign or symptom that is restricted to a particular area of the body; for example, chest pain.
Systemic: a sign or symptom that is experienced by the whole body; for example, fatigue.
Disorder: a disturbance of normal function within the body; for example, hypertension.
Disease: the characteristic or distinguishing features associated with a particular pathological condition. For
example, coronary heart disease can result in radiating pain down the left arm, which is an indication of a
_A
blocked coronary artery that causes decreased blood supply and oxygen to the heart.
Acute: develops rapidly and lasts a short time.
Chronic: develops gradually and lasts for a long time.
Insidious: onset of disease that is gradual and does not display any signs or symptoms until the disease has
significantly progressed.
Incidence: the number of new cases of a disease that have been confirmed, usually within a 1-year period.
PP
Prevalence: total number of people within a population who are affected by a disease at a particular time.
Morbidity: proportion of people within a population who are affected by a disease compared with people
without the disease; that is, rate of disease incidence.
Comorbidity: presence of another disease in addition to the primary disease; that is, coexisting diseases.
Mortality: number of deaths associated with a specific disease.
RO
2. Describe the different age groups within a population.
Incidence of disease may affect one age group more than another; therefore, age groups within a population
are defined as infant (< 1 year of age), child (from 1 year of age to the onset of puberty), adolescent (onset
of puberty until adulthood), adult (onset of adulthood is defined as a fully matured person) and ageing (> 65
years of age).
VE
Page 11
1. Describe the anatomical position.
The anatomical position is a reference position. The position is defined as a person standing upright, arms
by their sides with their palms facing forwards and their thumbs facing out. Refer to Figure 1.2, p 7.
D?
2. Describe the orientation of the three main anatomical sections.
The three main anatomical sections are the:
sagittal plane, which is a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left
transverse plan, which is a horizontal plan that divides the body into upper and lower
frontal or coronal plan, which is a vertical plane that divides the body into front (ventral) and back
?
(dorsal). Refer to Figure 1.4, p 8.
3. Provide definitions of the six pairs of terms used in anatomy.
1. Superior: towards the head; for example, the forehead is superior to the chin.
Inferior: towards the feet; for example, the knees are inferior to the hips.
2. Anterior: towards the front (ventral); for example, the heart is anterior to the spine.
Posterior: towards the back (dorsal); for example, the spine is posterior to the lungs.
Understanding Pathophysiology
ST
Judy Craft, Christopher Gordon, Sue E. Huether, Kathryn L. McCance, and Valentina
L. Brashers
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
UV
4th Australian and New Zealand Edition
IA
26
_A
PP
RO
VE
D?
?
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Solutions Manual: Understanding Pathophysiology, 4th Australia Edition
ST
By Judy Craft, Christopher Gordon, Sue E. Huether, Kathryn L. McCance, and Neal S. Brashers
Part 1 Essential Concepts of Pathophysiology
UV
Chapter 1 Introduction to clinical science
Chapter 2 Homeostasis
Chapter 3 Cellular structure and function
Chapter 4 Altered cellular function
IA
Chapter 5 Genes
Part 2 Alterations to Regulation and Control
26
Chapter 6 The structure and function of the neurological system
Chapter 7 Pain
Chapter 8 Concepts of neurological dysfunction
_A
Chapter 9 Alterations of neurological function across the life span
Chapter 10 The structure and function of the endocrine system
Chapter 11 Alterations of endocrine function across the life span
PP
Part 3 Alterations to Protection and Movement
Chapter 12 The structure and function of the immune system
Chapter 13 Inflammation and fever
RO
Chapter 14 Infection
Chapter 15 Alterations of immune function across the life span
Chapter 16 The structure and function of the haematological system
VE
Chapter 17 Alterations of haematological function across the life span
Chapter 18 The structure and function of the integumentary system
Chapter 19 Alterations of the integumentary system across the life span
D?
Chapter 20 The structure and function of the musculoskeletal system
Chapter 21 Alterations of musculoskeletal function across the life span
Part 4 Alterations to Body Maintenance
?
Chapter 22 The structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
1
, Chapter 23 Alterations of cardiovascular function across the life span
Chapter 24 The structure and function of the pulmonary system
Chapter 25 Alterations of pulmonary function across the life span
ST
Chapter 26 The structure and function of the digestive system
Chapter 27 Alterations of digestive function across the life span
Chapter 28 The structure and function of the urinary system
UV
Chapter 29 Fluids and electrolytes, acids and bases
Chapter 30 Alterations of renal and urinary tract function across the life span
Part 5 Alterations to Continuity
IA
Chapter 31 The structure and function of the reproductive systems
Chapter 32 Alterations of the reproductive systems across the life span
26
Part 6 Contemporary Health Issues
Chapter 33 Introduction to contemporary health issues
Chapter 34 Stress and chronic disease
_A
Chapter 35 Obesity
Chapter 36 Type 2 diabetes
Chapter 37 Cancer
PP
Chapter 38 Genes, genetic diseases and the environment
Chapter 39 Neurobiology of mental illness
Chapter 40 Indigenous health issues in Australia
RO
Chapter 41 Maori health in Aotearoa New Zealand
VE
D?
?
2
, Craft, Gordon: Understanding Pathophysiology 4e
Australia and New Zealand edition
Answer Guide
ST
Chapter 1: Introduction to Clinical Science
UV
Focus on Learning Questions
Page 7
1. Describe the term pathophysiology and define the following commonly used related terms: signs,
symptoms, localised, systemic, disorder, disease, acute, chronic, insidious, incidence, prevalence,
morbidity, comorbidity and mortality.
Pathophysiology is defined as the study of changes to normal body function during disease processes.
IA
Signs: these are objective measurements of body processes that may give evidence of a disease process; for
example, blood pressure measurement.
Symptoms: a subjective indication of a disease process that is only experienced by the patient and cannot be
measured; for example, pain or nausea.
26
Localised: a sign or symptom that is restricted to a particular area of the body; for example, chest pain.
Systemic: a sign or symptom that is experienced by the whole body; for example, fatigue.
Disorder: a disturbance of normal function within the body; for example, hypertension.
Disease: the characteristic or distinguishing features associated with a particular pathological condition. For
example, coronary heart disease can result in radiating pain down the left arm, which is an indication of a
_A
blocked coronary artery that causes decreased blood supply and oxygen to the heart.
Acute: develops rapidly and lasts a short time.
Chronic: develops gradually and lasts for a long time.
Insidious: onset of disease that is gradual and does not display any signs or symptoms until the disease has
significantly progressed.
Incidence: the number of new cases of a disease that have been confirmed, usually within a 1-year period.
PP
Prevalence: total number of people within a population who are affected by a disease at a particular time.
Morbidity: proportion of people within a population who are affected by a disease compared with people
without the disease; that is, rate of disease incidence.
Comorbidity: presence of another disease in addition to the primary disease; that is, coexisting diseases.
Mortality: number of deaths associated with a specific disease.
RO
2. Describe the different age groups within a population.
Incidence of disease may affect one age group more than another; therefore, age groups within a population
are defined as infant (< 1 year of age), child (from 1 year of age to the onset of puberty), adolescent (onset
of puberty until adulthood), adult (onset of adulthood is defined as a fully matured person) and ageing (> 65
years of age).
VE
Page 11
1. Describe the anatomical position.
The anatomical position is a reference position. The position is defined as a person standing upright, arms
by their sides with their palms facing forwards and their thumbs facing out. Refer to Figure 1.2, p 7.
D?
2. Describe the orientation of the three main anatomical sections.
The three main anatomical sections are the:
sagittal plane, which is a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left
transverse plan, which is a horizontal plan that divides the body into upper and lower
frontal or coronal plan, which is a vertical plane that divides the body into front (ventral) and back
?
(dorsal). Refer to Figure 1.4, p 8.
3. Provide definitions of the six pairs of terms used in anatomy.
1. Superior: towards the head; for example, the forehead is superior to the chin.
Inferior: towards the feet; for example, the knees are inferior to the hips.
2. Anterior: towards the front (ventral); for example, the heart is anterior to the spine.
Posterior: towards the back (dorsal); for example, the spine is posterior to the lungs.
