hemodialysis (HD)
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-used for patients who are acutely ill and require short-term dialysis for
days to weeks until kidney function resumes, as in patients with AKI, and for
patients with advanced CKD and ESKD who require long-term or
permanent RRT.
-Extract toxic nitrogenous substances from the blood and to remove
excess fluid.
Urinary Diversions
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-surgical procedure that reroutes normal flow of urine out of the body
when urine flow is blocked
, -Reasons: bladder cancer, pelvic malignancies, birth defects, trauma,
stricture, neurogenic bladder, chronic infection, intractable cystitis
ESKD Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
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-GFR and renal labs continue to worsen extensively
-Sodium and Water retention
-Acidosis: metabolic acidosis occurs because the kidneys are unable to
excrete increased loads of acid
-Anemia: result of inadequate erythropoietin production, shortened
lifespan of RBC's. nutritional deficiencies, and bleeding (GI tract).
-Calcium and Phosphate Imbalance: reciprocal relationship in the body.
With decrease in filtration through the glomerulus, there is an increase in
serum phosphorus level and a decrease in calcium. This causes significant
bone changes.
Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
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becomes necessary when the kidneys can no longer remove wastes,
maintain electrolytes, and regulate fluid balance. Can occur rapidly over a
long period of time, and the replacement therapy can be acute (short term)
or chronic (long term).
Renal function tests
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, Evaluate the severity of kidney disease and assess the status of the patient's
kidney function.
-Include renal concentration tests, creatine clearance, serum creatinine,
and BUN
Risk factors of stone formation
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-infection, urinary stasis, immobility, all of which slow kidney drainage, and
alter calcium metabolism
-Increased calcium concentrations of the blood and urine promote
precipitation of calcium and formation of stones
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
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Patho: kidneys are reduced to as little as one fith their normal size
consisted largely of fibrous tissue. Numerous glomeruli and tubules
become scarred, renal artery branches are thickened. Glomerular damage
can lead to and progress to stage 5 CKD
CM: Varies, can have no symptoms for years. General symptoms include
loss of weight and strength, irritability and nocturia. Headache, dizziness,
and digestive disturbances are common. As disease progress symptoms of
CKD occur, such as poor nourishment, yellow-gray pigmentation of skin,
periorbital edema and peripheral edema.
Assessment: Anemia secondary to decreased erthropoiesis, decreased
serum calcium, Hyperkalemia, Hypoalbuminemia, increased serum
phosphorus level, impaired nerve conduction due to electrolyte
imbalances, mental status change, metabolic acidosis
, MM: Sodium and water restriction, antihypertensives. Weight is monitored
daily, diuretic meds, adequate calories, dialysis
Renal cancer medical management
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Surgical Management:
-Nephrectomy
-Renal artery Embolization: occluding renal artery to impede blood supply
to tumor and thus killing tumor cells.
Pharmacological Therapy:
-Immunotherapy agents NOT chemotherapy.
Polycystic Kidney Disease definition
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PKD is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-
filled cysts in the kidneys, which destroy the nephrons. PKD cysts can
enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of the normal structure, resulting
in reduced kidney function and leading to kidney failure
Causes of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
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-used for patients who are acutely ill and require short-term dialysis for
days to weeks until kidney function resumes, as in patients with AKI, and for
patients with advanced CKD and ESKD who require long-term or
permanent RRT.
-Extract toxic nitrogenous substances from the blood and to remove
excess fluid.
Urinary Diversions
Give this one a try later!
-surgical procedure that reroutes normal flow of urine out of the body
when urine flow is blocked
, -Reasons: bladder cancer, pelvic malignancies, birth defects, trauma,
stricture, neurogenic bladder, chronic infection, intractable cystitis
ESKD Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
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-GFR and renal labs continue to worsen extensively
-Sodium and Water retention
-Acidosis: metabolic acidosis occurs because the kidneys are unable to
excrete increased loads of acid
-Anemia: result of inadequate erythropoietin production, shortened
lifespan of RBC's. nutritional deficiencies, and bleeding (GI tract).
-Calcium and Phosphate Imbalance: reciprocal relationship in the body.
With decrease in filtration through the glomerulus, there is an increase in
serum phosphorus level and a decrease in calcium. This causes significant
bone changes.
Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
Give this one a try later!
becomes necessary when the kidneys can no longer remove wastes,
maintain electrolytes, and regulate fluid balance. Can occur rapidly over a
long period of time, and the replacement therapy can be acute (short term)
or chronic (long term).
Renal function tests
Give this one a try later!
, Evaluate the severity of kidney disease and assess the status of the patient's
kidney function.
-Include renal concentration tests, creatine clearance, serum creatinine,
and BUN
Risk factors of stone formation
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-infection, urinary stasis, immobility, all of which slow kidney drainage, and
alter calcium metabolism
-Increased calcium concentrations of the blood and urine promote
precipitation of calcium and formation of stones
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Give this one a try later!
Patho: kidneys are reduced to as little as one fith their normal size
consisted largely of fibrous tissue. Numerous glomeruli and tubules
become scarred, renal artery branches are thickened. Glomerular damage
can lead to and progress to stage 5 CKD
CM: Varies, can have no symptoms for years. General symptoms include
loss of weight and strength, irritability and nocturia. Headache, dizziness,
and digestive disturbances are common. As disease progress symptoms of
CKD occur, such as poor nourishment, yellow-gray pigmentation of skin,
periorbital edema and peripheral edema.
Assessment: Anemia secondary to decreased erthropoiesis, decreased
serum calcium, Hyperkalemia, Hypoalbuminemia, increased serum
phosphorus level, impaired nerve conduction due to electrolyte
imbalances, mental status change, metabolic acidosis
, MM: Sodium and water restriction, antihypertensives. Weight is monitored
daily, diuretic meds, adequate calories, dialysis
Renal cancer medical management
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Surgical Management:
-Nephrectomy
-Renal artery Embolization: occluding renal artery to impede blood supply
to tumor and thus killing tumor cells.
Pharmacological Therapy:
-Immunotherapy agents NOT chemotherapy.
Polycystic Kidney Disease definition
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PKD is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-
filled cysts in the kidneys, which destroy the nephrons. PKD cysts can
enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of the normal structure, resulting
in reduced kidney function and leading to kidney failure
Causes of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
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