SOLUTION MANUAL FOR c c
AncIntroductionctocPhysicalcSciencec15thcEditioncJamescShipman,cJerrycD.cWilson,cCharles
cA.cHiggins,cBocLou
Chapterc1-24
Chapter 1 c
MEASUREMENT
Chapterc1ciscimportantcbecausecallcquantitativecknowledgecaboutcourcphysicalcenvironmentciscb
asedconcmeasurement.cSomecchaptercsectionschavecbeencreorganizedcandcrewrittencforcclarity.cThec
1.2cSection,c—
ScientificcInvestigation,‖cintroducescthecstudentctocthecprocedurescforcscientificcinvestigation.c Majo
rctermscsuchcascexperiment,claw,chypothesis,ctheorycandcscientificcmethodcarecintroduced.cThecideac
thatcphysicalcsciencecdealscwithcquantitativecknowledgecshouldcbecstressed.cItciscnotcenoughctockno
wcthatcaccarciscgoingc—fast‖;citciscnecessaryctocknowchowcfast.
Acgoodcunderstandingcofcunitsciscofcthecutmostcimportance,cparticularlycwithcthecmetric-
BritishcusecincthecUnitedcStatesctoday.cThecmetriccSIciscintroducedcandcexplained.cBothcthecmetricca
ndcthecBritishcsystemscarecusedcincthecbookcincthecearlycchapterscforcfamiliarity.cThecinstructorcmayc
decidectocdocexamplescprimarilycincthecmetriccsystem,cbutcthecstudentcshouldcgetcsomecpracticecincc
onvertingcbetweencthecsystems.cThiscprovidescknowledgecofctheccomparativecsizecofcsimilarcunitsci
ncthecdifferentcsystemscandcmakescthecstudentcfeelccomfortablecusingcwhatcmaycbecunfamiliarcmetri
ccunits.cThecHighlight,c—
IscUnitcConversioncImportant?cItcSurecIs,‖cillustratescthecimportancecofcunitcconversion.
Thecgeneralcthemecofcthecchaptercandcthectextbookciscthecstudents’cpositioncinchiscorchercph
ysicalcworld.cShowcthecstudentscthatctheycknowcaboutctheircenvironmentcandcthemselvescthroughcm
easurements.cMeasurementscarecinvolvedcincthecanswersctocsuchcquestionscas,cHowcoldcarecyou?cHo
wcmuchcdocyoucweigh?cHowctallcarecyou?cWhatciscthecnormalcbodyctemperature?
Howcmuchcmoneycdocyouchave?cThesecandcmanycotherctechnicalcquestionscarecresolvedcorcanswere
dcbycmeasurementscandcquantitativecanalyses.
DEMONSTRATIONS
Havecacmetercstick,cacyardstick,cactimer,conecorcmoreckilogramcmasses,cacone-
litercbeakercorcaclitercsodaccontainer,cacone-
quartccontainer,candcacbalancecorcscalescavailableconcthecinstructor’scdesk.cDemonstratectheccompar
ativecunits.cThecmetercstickccancbeccomparedctocthecyardstickctocshowcthecdifferencecbetweencthem,c
alongcwithcthecsubunitscofcinchescandccentimeters.cTheclitercandcquartcalsoccancbeccompared.cPasscth
eckilogramcmasscaroundcthecclassroomcsocthatcstudentsccancgetcsome
,ideacofcthecamountcofcmasscinconeckilogram.cMasscandcweightcmaycbeccomparedconcthecbalancecandc
scales.
cWhencdiscussingcSectionc1.6,c—
DerivedcUnitscandcConversioncFactors,‖chavecclasscmemberscguessctheclengthcofcthecinstructor’scde
skcincmetriccandcBritishcunits.cThenchavecseveralcstudentscindependentlycmeasurectheclengthcwithcth
ecmetercstickcandcyardstick.cComparecthecmeasurementscinctermscofcsignificantcfigurescandcunits.cC
omparecthecaveragescofcthecmeasurementscandcestimates.cConvertcthecaveragecmetriccmeasurementc
tocBritishcunits,candcvicecversa,ctocpracticecconversioncfactorscandctocseechowcthecmeasurementscco
mpare.
Variouscmetriccunitcdemonstrationscarecavailablecfromccommercialcsources.
ANSWERScTOcMATCHINGcQUESTIONS
a.c15c c b.c8c c c.c10c c d.c2c c e.c19c c f.c14 g.c21 h.c13 i.c18 j.c6c c k.c11 l.c3 m.c12 n.c1 o.c9
p.c4c c q.c23 r.c17 s.c5 t.c20c c u.c16 v.c22 w.c7
ANSWERScTOcMULTIPLE-CHOICEcQUESTIONS
1.c 2.cb 3.cc 4.cb 5.cb 6.cc 7.cd 8.cbc c 9.cd 10.cc 11.cb 12.cbc c 13.cac 14.cb
ANSWERScTOcFILL-IN-THE-BLANKcQUESTIONS
1.cbiological 2.chypothesis 3.cscientificcmethod 4.csight,chearing 5.climitations 6.cless
7.clonger 8.cfundamental 9.ctimecorcsecond 10.cone-billion,c109 11.cliter
12.cmass 13.cless
ANSWERScTOcSHORT-ANSWERcQUESTIONS
1. Ancorganizedcbodycofcknowledgecaboutcthecnaturalcuniversecbycwhichcknowledgeciscacquiredca
ndctested.
2. Physics,cchemistry,castronomy,cmeteorology,candcgeology.
3. Thec5celementscofcscientificcmethodcare:
1. ObservationscandcMeasurements,
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory,cand
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
,5. Aclawciscacconcisecstatementcaboutcacfundamentalcrelationshipcofcnature.cActheoryciscacwell-
testedcexplanationcofcacbroadcsegmentcofcnaturalcphenomena.
6. Itcillustratescthecneedctocimprovecthecstandardcofceducationcamongcthecgeneralcpubliccandctoce
mphasizecthecimportancecofcacwell-developedcscientificcmethod.
7. Sight,chearing,ctouch,ctaste,candcsmell.
8. Theychaveclimitationscandccancbecdeceived,cthuscprovidingcfalsecinformationcaboutcource
nvironment.
9. (a)cNo.c (b)cYes.c (c)cLowercline.
10. Acfixedcandcreproduciblecvalue.
11. Theycarecthecmostcbasiccquantitiescofcwhichcweccancthink.cAndctheycarecnotcdependentconcot
hercphysicalcquantities.
12. Acgroupcofcstandardcunitscandctheirccombinations.
13. mile/hour
14. No,cthecUnitedcStatescisctheconlycmajorccountrycthatchascnotcgoneccompletelycmetric.
15. Kilogram,cacplatinum-iridiumccylinder.
16. Mass.cWeightcvariescwithcgravity.
17. Meter-kilogram-second,cInternationalcSystemcofcUnits,candccentimeter-gram-second.
18. Basec10ceasierctocusec(factorscofc10).
19. kilo-c(k),cmega-c(M),cmilli-c(m),cmicro-c(µ)
20. Masscofcaccubicclitercofcwater.
21. kg/cubiccmeter.
22. Threecfundamentalcquantitiescgenerallycusedcare:cLength(m),cMass(Kg),candc
Time(s).
23. Theccompactnesscofcmatter.
24. Itciscgivencacnewcname.
25. No.cAncequationcmustcbecequalcincmagnitudecandcunits.
26. Yes.cAndcitccouldcbecconfusedcwithc—meters‖cinsteadcofc—miles.‖
27. Tocexpresscmeasuredcnumberscproperly.
28. Thec3crulescforcdeterminingcsignificantcfigurescare:
1. Non-zerocdigitscarecalwayscsignificant,
, 2. Zeroscatcthecbeginningcofcacnumbercarecnotcsignificant,
3. Internalcorcendczeroscarecsignificant.
Forcexamplec-c0203.089chavec6csignificantcfiguresc(2,0,3,0,8,9).
29. Three.
30. One.
ANSWERScTOcVISUALcCONNECTION
a.cmeter,cb.ckilogram,cc.csecond,cd.cmks,ce.cfoot,cf.cpound,cg.csecond,ch.cfps
ANSWERScTOcAPPLYING-YOUR-KNOWLEDGEcQUESTIONS
1. Intrinsiccpropertiescarecinvariant.cKilogramccylindercandcmeterstickcarecsubjectctocwear,cdirt,ca
ndcchange.
2. Acliter,cbecausecitcisclargercthancacquart.
3. Scientificclawscdescribe;clegalclawscregulate.cScientificclawscarecaboutcthecnaturecofcthings;cl
egalclawscconcerncsociety.
4. 1ckgfc>c1clbfc(force;c1ckgfc=c2.2clbfcorc1ckgmc=c2.2clbm);c1cm3c>c1cgal;cnotablecexceptionciscthe
cslug.
5. No,cacmancdidcnotcbuycacnewcrodcbecausecthecboxchascdimensionsc3cftc×c4cftcsochecputchisc5cftcro
dcdiagonally.
6. 1cmc=c3.28cft
828cmc(3.28cft/m)c=c2.72c×103cft;c508cmc(3.28cft/m)c=c1.67c×c103cft
Δc=c1.05c×c103cft
ANSWERScTOcEXERCISES
1. 100,000ccmcorc105ccm
2. 16000cMB
3. 106cmm3
4. 1cm3c=c103cL.c1cm3c=c102ccmcxc102ccmcxc102ccmc=c106ccm3c(1cL/103ccm3)c=c103cLc=c1000cL
5. 0.50cLc(1ckg/L)c=c0.50ckgc=c500cg
6. 15ccmcxc25ccmcxc30ccmc=c11250cgcandc11.25ckg
7. (a)c0.55cMsc=c0.55c×c106csc c (b)c2.8ckmc=c2.8c c103cmc (c)c12cmgc=c12c c10–3cgc=c1.2c c10–5ckg
(d)c100ccmc=c1.00cm
AncIntroductionctocPhysicalcSciencec15thcEditioncJamescShipman,cJerrycD.cWilson,cCharles
cA.cHiggins,cBocLou
Chapterc1-24
Chapter 1 c
MEASUREMENT
Chapterc1ciscimportantcbecausecallcquantitativecknowledgecaboutcourcphysicalcenvironmentciscb
asedconcmeasurement.cSomecchaptercsectionschavecbeencreorganizedcandcrewrittencforcclarity.cThec
1.2cSection,c—
ScientificcInvestigation,‖cintroducescthecstudentctocthecprocedurescforcscientificcinvestigation.c Majo
rctermscsuchcascexperiment,claw,chypothesis,ctheorycandcscientificcmethodcarecintroduced.cThecideac
thatcphysicalcsciencecdealscwithcquantitativecknowledgecshouldcbecstressed.cItciscnotcenoughctockno
wcthatcaccarciscgoingc—fast‖;citciscnecessaryctocknowchowcfast.
Acgoodcunderstandingcofcunitsciscofcthecutmostcimportance,cparticularlycwithcthecmetric-
BritishcusecincthecUnitedcStatesctoday.cThecmetriccSIciscintroducedcandcexplained.cBothcthecmetricca
ndcthecBritishcsystemscarecusedcincthecbookcincthecearlycchapterscforcfamiliarity.cThecinstructorcmayc
decidectocdocexamplescprimarilycincthecmetriccsystem,cbutcthecstudentcshouldcgetcsomecpracticecincc
onvertingcbetweencthecsystems.cThiscprovidescknowledgecofctheccomparativecsizecofcsimilarcunitsci
ncthecdifferentcsystemscandcmakescthecstudentcfeelccomfortablecusingcwhatcmaycbecunfamiliarcmetri
ccunits.cThecHighlight,c—
IscUnitcConversioncImportant?cItcSurecIs,‖cillustratescthecimportancecofcunitcconversion.
Thecgeneralcthemecofcthecchaptercandcthectextbookciscthecstudents’cpositioncinchiscorchercph
ysicalcworld.cShowcthecstudentscthatctheycknowcaboutctheircenvironmentcandcthemselvescthroughcm
easurements.cMeasurementscarecinvolvedcincthecanswersctocsuchcquestionscas,cHowcoldcarecyou?cHo
wcmuchcdocyoucweigh?cHowctallcarecyou?cWhatciscthecnormalcbodyctemperature?
Howcmuchcmoneycdocyouchave?cThesecandcmanycotherctechnicalcquestionscarecresolvedcorcanswere
dcbycmeasurementscandcquantitativecanalyses.
DEMONSTRATIONS
Havecacmetercstick,cacyardstick,cactimer,conecorcmoreckilogramcmasses,cacone-
litercbeakercorcaclitercsodaccontainer,cacone-
quartccontainer,candcacbalancecorcscalescavailableconcthecinstructor’scdesk.cDemonstratectheccompar
ativecunits.cThecmetercstickccancbeccomparedctocthecyardstickctocshowcthecdifferencecbetweencthem,c
alongcwithcthecsubunitscofcinchescandccentimeters.cTheclitercandcquartcalsoccancbeccompared.cPasscth
eckilogramcmasscaroundcthecclassroomcsocthatcstudentsccancgetcsome
,ideacofcthecamountcofcmasscinconeckilogram.cMasscandcweightcmaycbeccomparedconcthecbalancecandc
scales.
cWhencdiscussingcSectionc1.6,c—
DerivedcUnitscandcConversioncFactors,‖chavecclasscmemberscguessctheclengthcofcthecinstructor’scde
skcincmetriccandcBritishcunits.cThenchavecseveralcstudentscindependentlycmeasurectheclengthcwithcth
ecmetercstickcandcyardstick.cComparecthecmeasurementscinctermscofcsignificantcfigurescandcunits.cC
omparecthecaveragescofcthecmeasurementscandcestimates.cConvertcthecaveragecmetriccmeasurementc
tocBritishcunits,candcvicecversa,ctocpracticecconversioncfactorscandctocseechowcthecmeasurementscco
mpare.
Variouscmetriccunitcdemonstrationscarecavailablecfromccommercialcsources.
ANSWERScTOcMATCHINGcQUESTIONS
a.c15c c b.c8c c c.c10c c d.c2c c e.c19c c f.c14 g.c21 h.c13 i.c18 j.c6c c k.c11 l.c3 m.c12 n.c1 o.c9
p.c4c c q.c23 r.c17 s.c5 t.c20c c u.c16 v.c22 w.c7
ANSWERScTOcMULTIPLE-CHOICEcQUESTIONS
1.c 2.cb 3.cc 4.cb 5.cb 6.cc 7.cd 8.cbc c 9.cd 10.cc 11.cb 12.cbc c 13.cac 14.cb
ANSWERScTOcFILL-IN-THE-BLANKcQUESTIONS
1.cbiological 2.chypothesis 3.cscientificcmethod 4.csight,chearing 5.climitations 6.cless
7.clonger 8.cfundamental 9.ctimecorcsecond 10.cone-billion,c109 11.cliter
12.cmass 13.cless
ANSWERScTOcSHORT-ANSWERcQUESTIONS
1. Ancorganizedcbodycofcknowledgecaboutcthecnaturalcuniversecbycwhichcknowledgeciscacquiredca
ndctested.
2. Physics,cchemistry,castronomy,cmeteorology,candcgeology.
3. Thec5celementscofcscientificcmethodcare:
1. ObservationscandcMeasurements,
2. Hypothesis,
3. Experiments,
4. Theory,cand
5. Law.
4. Hypothesis
,5. Aclawciscacconcisecstatementcaboutcacfundamentalcrelationshipcofcnature.cActheoryciscacwell-
testedcexplanationcofcacbroadcsegmentcofcnaturalcphenomena.
6. Itcillustratescthecneedctocimprovecthecstandardcofceducationcamongcthecgeneralcpubliccandctoce
mphasizecthecimportancecofcacwell-developedcscientificcmethod.
7. Sight,chearing,ctouch,ctaste,candcsmell.
8. Theychaveclimitationscandccancbecdeceived,cthuscprovidingcfalsecinformationcaboutcource
nvironment.
9. (a)cNo.c (b)cYes.c (c)cLowercline.
10. Acfixedcandcreproduciblecvalue.
11. Theycarecthecmostcbasiccquantitiescofcwhichcweccancthink.cAndctheycarecnotcdependentconcot
hercphysicalcquantities.
12. Acgroupcofcstandardcunitscandctheirccombinations.
13. mile/hour
14. No,cthecUnitedcStatescisctheconlycmajorccountrycthatchascnotcgoneccompletelycmetric.
15. Kilogram,cacplatinum-iridiumccylinder.
16. Mass.cWeightcvariescwithcgravity.
17. Meter-kilogram-second,cInternationalcSystemcofcUnits,candccentimeter-gram-second.
18. Basec10ceasierctocusec(factorscofc10).
19. kilo-c(k),cmega-c(M),cmilli-c(m),cmicro-c(µ)
20. Masscofcaccubicclitercofcwater.
21. kg/cubiccmeter.
22. Threecfundamentalcquantitiescgenerallycusedcare:cLength(m),cMass(Kg),candc
Time(s).
23. Theccompactnesscofcmatter.
24. Itciscgivencacnewcname.
25. No.cAncequationcmustcbecequalcincmagnitudecandcunits.
26. Yes.cAndcitccouldcbecconfusedcwithc—meters‖cinsteadcofc—miles.‖
27. Tocexpresscmeasuredcnumberscproperly.
28. Thec3crulescforcdeterminingcsignificantcfigurescare:
1. Non-zerocdigitscarecalwayscsignificant,
, 2. Zeroscatcthecbeginningcofcacnumbercarecnotcsignificant,
3. Internalcorcendczeroscarecsignificant.
Forcexamplec-c0203.089chavec6csignificantcfiguresc(2,0,3,0,8,9).
29. Three.
30. One.
ANSWERScTOcVISUALcCONNECTION
a.cmeter,cb.ckilogram,cc.csecond,cd.cmks,ce.cfoot,cf.cpound,cg.csecond,ch.cfps
ANSWERScTOcAPPLYING-YOUR-KNOWLEDGEcQUESTIONS
1. Intrinsiccpropertiescarecinvariant.cKilogramccylindercandcmeterstickcarecsubjectctocwear,cdirt,ca
ndcchange.
2. Acliter,cbecausecitcisclargercthancacquart.
3. Scientificclawscdescribe;clegalclawscregulate.cScientificclawscarecaboutcthecnaturecofcthings;cl
egalclawscconcerncsociety.
4. 1ckgfc>c1clbfc(force;c1ckgfc=c2.2clbfcorc1ckgmc=c2.2clbm);c1cm3c>c1cgal;cnotablecexceptionciscthe
cslug.
5. No,cacmancdidcnotcbuycacnewcrodcbecausecthecboxchascdimensionsc3cftc×c4cftcsochecputchisc5cftcro
dcdiagonally.
6. 1cmc=c3.28cft
828cmc(3.28cft/m)c=c2.72c×103cft;c508cmc(3.28cft/m)c=c1.67c×c103cft
Δc=c1.05c×c103cft
ANSWERScTOcEXERCISES
1. 100,000ccmcorc105ccm
2. 16000cMB
3. 106cmm3
4. 1cm3c=c103cL.c1cm3c=c102ccmcxc102ccmcxc102ccmc=c106ccm3c(1cL/103ccm3)c=c103cLc=c1000cL
5. 0.50cLc(1ckg/L)c=c0.50ckgc=c500cg
6. 15ccmcxc25ccmcxc30ccmc=c11250cgcandc11.25ckg
7. (a)c0.55cMsc=c0.55c×c106csc c (b)c2.8ckmc=c2.8c c103cmc (c)c12cmgc=c12c c10–3cgc=c1.2c c10–5ckg
(d)c100ccmc=c1.00cm
